词条 | SC convoys |
释义 |
The SC convoys were a series of North Atlantic convoys that ran during the battle of the Atlantic during World War II. They were east-bound slow convoys originating in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada (designated as Sydney, Cape Breton by the Allied navies to avoid confusion with Sydney, New South Wales); from there they sailed to ports in the UK, mainly Liverpool. The Royal Canadian Navy base responsible for the Sydney operations was HMCS Protector.{{sfn|Tennyson|Sarty|2000|pp=232, 290}} The first convoy, SC 1, departed Sydney Harbour on 15 August 1940.{{sfn|Tennyson|Sarty|2000|p=232}} For a time after the entry of the United States into the war the point of origin was switched to New York, but congestion problems there resulted in a further move, this time to Halifax, Nova Scotia. However, the SC designation was retained throughout. SC convoys ran from August 1940 until May 1945,{{sfn|Hague|2000|pp=133–134}} although they were suspended during the summer of 1944 when a number of escort groups were diverted to cover the Normandy landings. During this period all east-bound traffic sailed in the HX series, which ran as Fast or Slow convoys, and whose sizes were effectively doubled. A total of 177 SC convoys ran during the campaign, totalling 6,806 ships. Only 3 failed to complete the passage: SC 52 suffered an attack shortly after leaving port, and was forced to return; and SC 62 and SC 63 were both scattered by appalling weather conditions which forced those ships to proceed independently. Of these formations, 29 (around 20%) were attacked; they saw the loss of 145 ships ( though this number does not include stragglers, perhaps the same number again) and a further 18 lost in marine accidents (perhaps 340 in total; around 5%). As these were slow convoys, composed of ships making 8 knots or less, they were correspondingly more vulnerable, and witnessed a disproportionate number of attacks. The SC convoys were the subject of some of the major battles of the campaign. Of the 40 convoys which lost 6 or more ships, 11 of them were SC series. Some notable SC convoy battles were:
NotesReferences
| last = van der Vat | first = Dan | title = The Atlantic campaign: the great struggle at sea, 1939-1945 | publisher = Hodder & Stoughton | year = 1988 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-37751-2 | ref = harv
| last = Hague | first = Arnold | title = The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 | publisher = Vanwell Publishing Ltd. | location = St Catharines, Ontario | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?ei=Rf7sUNXEEeSJ2AW-94HADg&id=xHOwAAAAIAAJ&dq=Vanwell+Publishing+Ltd.&q=HMSC+Protector#search_anchor | isbn = 978-1-861-76147-7 | ref = harv }}
| last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | title = History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 | publisher = University of Illinois | year = 2001 | location = Champagne, Illinois | isbn = 978-0-252-06963-5 | ref = harv }}
| last = Rohwer | first = Jürgen | last2 = Hümmelchen | first2 = Gerhard | title = Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945 | others = Derek Masters (trans.) | edition = 2nd revised, expanded | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 1992 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | isbn = 978-1-55750-105-9 | ref = harv }}
| last = Tennyson | first = Brian Douglas | last2 = Sarty | first2 = Roger F. | title = Guardian of the Gulf: Sydney, Cape Breton, and the Atlantic wars | year = 2000 | publisher = University of Toronto Press | location = Toronto | isbn = 978-0-8020-4492-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R2VUEea282QC&pg=PP1&lpg=PA9&ots=Y4uOCOuc5h&dq=Guardian+of+the+Gulf+:+Sydney,+Cape+Breton,+and+the+Atlantic+wars | ref = harv }} 6 : North Atlantic convoys of World War II|Battle of the Atlantic|Cape Breton Island|Military history of Nova Scotia|Naval battles of World War II involving Canada|Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom |
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