“Enfuvirtide”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Enfuvirtide (INN) is an HIV fusion inhibitor, the first of a class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It is marketed under the trade name Fuzeon (Roche).

Enfuvirtide therapy costs an estimated US$25,000 per year in the United States. Its cost and inconvenient dosing regimen are factors behind its use as a reserve, for salvage therapy in patients with multi-drug resistant HIV.

Structural formula

History

Enfuvirtide originated at Duke University, where researchers formed a pharmaceutical company known as Trimeris. Trimeris began development on enfuvirtide in 1996 and initially designated it T-20. In 1999, Trimeris entered into partnership with Hoffmann-La Roche to complete the development of the drug. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on March 13, 2003^[1] as the first HIV fusion inhibitor, a new class of antiretroviral drugs. It was approved on the basis of two studies which compared the effect of optimized regimens of antiretroviral medication with and without the addition of enfuvirtide on serum viral load.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Enfuvirtide works by disrupting the HIV-1 molecular machinery at the final stage of fusion with the target cell, preventing uninfected cells from becoming infected. A biomimetic peptide, enfuvirtide was designed to mimic components of the HIV-1 fusion machinery and displace them, preventing normal fusion. Drugs that disrupt fusion of virus and target cell are termed entry inhibitors or fusion inhibitors.

HIV binds to the host CD4+ cell receptor via the viral protein gp120; gp41, a viral transmembrane protein, then undergoes a conformational change that assists in the fusion of the viral membrane to the host cell membrane. Enfuvirtide binds to gp41 preventing the creation of an entry pore for the capsid of the virus, keeping it out of the cell.^[2]

Enfuvirtide is also an activator of the chemotactic factor receptor, formyl peptide receptor 1, and thereby activates phagocytes and presumably other cells bearing this receptor (see formyl peptide receptors).^[3] The physiological significance of this activation is unknown.

Microbiology

Enfuvirtide is considered to be active against HIV-1 only. Low activity against HIV-2 isolates has been demonstrated in vitro.^[4]

Variable susceptibility to enfuvirtide has been observed in clinical isolates, with acquired resistance the result of a mutated 10 amino acid motif in viral gp41. Primary resistance, however, has yet to be observed.^[5]

Clinical use

Indications

Enfuvirtide is indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, in combination therapy with other antiretrovirals, in patients where all other treatments have failed.^[6]

Dosage forms

By virtue of its peptide nature, enfuvirtide is marketed in injectable form. The lyophilised enfuvirtide powder must be reconstituted by the patient and administered twice daily by subcutaneous injection. Due to the chronic nature of this kind of therapy, this dosage form may be a major problem for the patient's adherence to this drug regimen.^[7]

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of patients) associated with enfuvirtide therapy include: injection site reactions (pain, hardening of skin, erythema, nodules, cysts, itch; experienced by nearly all patients, particularly in the first week), peripheral neuropathy, insomnia, depression, cough, dyspnoea, anorexia, arthralgia, infections (including bacterial pneumonia) and/or eosinophilia. Various hypersensitivity reactions occur infrequently (0.1–1% of patients), symptoms of which include rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, rigors, hypotension, elevated hepatic transaminases; and possibly more severe reactions including respiratory distress, glomerulonephritis and/or anaphylaxis – rechallenge is not recommended.^[6]

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products – Fuzeon (Click on 'Approval Date(s) and History, Letters, Labels, Reviews for NDA 021481')|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=021481 |website=accessdata.fda.gov |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration |accessdate=6 January 2019}}
2. ^{{cite journal|pmid=12646792|year=2003|last1=Lalezari|first1=JP|last2=Eron|first2=JJ|last3=Carlson|first3=M|last4=Cohen|first4=C|last5=Dejesus|first5=E|last6=Arduino|first6=RC|last7=Gallant|first7=JE|last8=Volberding|first8=P|last9=Murphy|first9=RL|last10=Valentine|first10=F|last11=Nelson|first11=E. L.|last12=Sista|first12=P. R.|last13=Dusek|first13=A|last14=Kilby|first14=J. M.|title=A phase II clinical study of the long-term safety and antiviral activity of enfuvirtide-based antiretroviral therapy|volume=17|issue=5|pages=691–8|doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000050825.06065.84|journal=AIDS |display-authors=8|doi-broken-date=2019-02-17}}
3. ^Blood 93: 3885-3892
4. ^Roche Products Pty Ltd. Fuzeon (Australian Approved Product Information). Dee Why (NSW): Roche; 2005.
5. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Greenberg | first1 = ML | last2 = Cammack | first2 = N | title = Resistance to enfuvirtide, the first HIV fusion inhibitor | journal = Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 333–40 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15231762 | doi = 10.1093/jac/dkh330 }}
6. ^¹Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. {{ISBN|0-9757919-2-3}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForPatientAdvocates/HIVandAIDSActivities/ucm125088.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825164901/http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForPatientAdvocates/HIVandAIDSActivities/ucm125088.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 August 2009 |title=FDA approves Fuzeon |first=Richard |last=Klein |website=fda.gov |date=13 March 2003 |accessdate=2 July 2011 }}