“Environmental noise”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Noise at low levels is not necessarily harmful; environmental noise can also convey a sense of liveliness in an area, and is not then always considered 'unwanted'. However, the adverse effects of noise exposure (i.e. noise pollution) could include: interference with speech or other 'desired' sounds, annoyance, sleep disturbance, anxiety, hearing damage and stress-related cardiovascular health problems.^[3]

As a result, environmental noise is studied, regulated and monitored by many governments and institutions. This creates a number of different occupations. The basis of all decisions is supported by the objective and accurate measurement of noise. Noise is measured in decibels (dB) using a pattern-approved sound level meter. The measurements are typically taken over a period of weeks, in all weather conditions.

Environmental noise emission

Noise from transportation is typically emitted by the machinery (e.g. the engine or exhaust) and aerodynamic noise (see aerodynamics and aircraft noise) caused by the compression and friction in the air around the vessel during motion.

Industrial and recreational noise could be generated by a multitude of different sources and processes. Industrial noise can be generated by factories and plants (i.e., product fabrication or assembly), power generation (hydroelectricity or wind turbines), construction activities, or agricultural and meat processing facilities. Sources of recreational noise vary widely but they can include music festivals^[4], shooting ranges, sporting events, car racing, woodworking, pubs^[5], people's activities on the street^[6] , etc.

Sound propagation outdoors is subject to meteorological effects (e.g. wind, temperature) that affect the distance, speed, and direction with which environmental noise travels from a source to a listener.

Environmental noise policy and regulation

United States

The Noise Control Act of 1972 established a U.S. national policy to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health and welfare. In the past, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) coordinated all federal noise control activities through its Office of Noise Abatement and Control. The EPA phased out the office's funding in 1982 as part of a shift in federal noise control policy to transfer the primary responsibility of regulating noise to state and local governments. However, the Noise Control Act of 1972 and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 were never rescinded by Congress and remain in effect today, although essentially unfunded.^[7]

Today, and in the absence of a national guidance and enforcement by the EPA, states, cities, and municipalities have had little or no guidance on writing good noise regulations. Since the EPA last published its Model Community Noise Ordinance in 1974, communities have struggled to develop their ordinances, often relying on copying guidance from other communities, and sometimes copying their mistakes.^[8] Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities though most specify some general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance and the allowable sound levels that can cross a property line. Some ordinances set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities.^[9]

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulates aircraft noise by specifying the maximum noise level that individual civil aircraft can emit through requiring aircraft to meet certain noise certification standards. These standards designate changes in maximum noise level requirements by "stage" designation. The U.S. noise standards are defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 14 Part 36 – Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification (14 CFR Part 36).^[10] The FAA also pursues a program of aircraft noise control in cooperation with the aviation community.^[11] The FAA has set up a process to report [https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/apl/noise_emissions/airport_aircraft_noise_issues/noise/ aviation-related noise complaints] for anyone who may be impacted by Aircraft noise.

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) developed noise regulations to control highway noise as required by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970. The regulations requires promulgation of traffic noise-level criteria for various land use activities, and describe procedures for the abatement of highway traffic noise and construction noise.^[12]

The Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation Statistics has created a [https://maps.bts.dot.gov/arcgis/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=a303ff5924c9474790464cc0e9d5c9fb National Transportation Noise Map] to provide access to comprehensive aircraft and road noise data on national and county-level. The map aims to assist city planners, elected officials, scholars, and residents to gain access to up-to-date aviation and Interstate highway noise information.^[13]

European Union

The European Union has a special definition based on the European directive 2002/49/EC article 10.1. This directive gives a definition for environmental noise. The main target is an integrated noise management.

The implementation is divided into phases: In the first phase, the member states shall inform about major roads with more than six million vehicles a year, major railways with more than 60,000 trains per year, major airports with more than 50,000 movements per year and metropolitan areas with more than 250,000 inhabitants. In the second phase, these numbers are halved; only the criteria for airports remains unchanged. In the third and the following phases, the methods for calculation of the noise levels will change while the criteria remain unchanged. Each phase consists of three steps: the collection of the data from the main sources of noise, strategic noise maps and action plans.

Austria

In Austria the institution which is responsible for the noise sources is also responsible for the noise maps concerning these sources. This means that the Federation is responsible for the federal roads and each state is responsible for the country's roads.

France

France reported 24 metropolitan areas, Paris was the biggest with 9.6 million inhabitants and 272 square kilometres.

Germany

Germany implemented national regulations in 2005 and 2006 and reported 27 metropolitan areas in the first phase: Berlin was the biggest with 3.39 million inhabitants and 889 square kilometres, Hamburg the largest with 1,045 square kilometres and 2 million inhabitants. The smallest was Gelsenkirchen with 270,000 inhabitants and 105 square kilometres. In the national legislation, noise resulting from recreational activities like sports and leisure is not considered as environmental noise.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom reported a total of 28 metropolitan areas, where London is the largest with 8.3 million inhabitants. The majority of metropolitan areas are located in England; in Scotland and Wales there are each two, in Northern Ireland only the capital Belfast.

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |last=European Commission |title=The Green Paper on Future Noise Policy |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/pdf/com_96_540.pdf |accessdate=7 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123022847/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/noise/pdf/com_96_540.pdf |archivedate=23 November 2010 |df=dmy }}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Kinsler, L.E., Frey, A.R., Coppens, A.B. and Sanders, J.V.|title=Fundamentals of acoustics|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York City|isbn=978-0471-84789-2|page=359}}
3. ^{{cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Guidelines for community noise|url=http://www.who.int/docstore/peh/noise/guidelines2.html|accessdate=7 September 2013}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lakin|first=Curtis|last2=Brown|first2=Stuart|last3=Williams|first3=Martin|year=2001|title=Noise Monitoring at Glastonbury Festival|journal=Noise & Vibration Worldwide|language=en|volume=32|issue=5|pages=12–14|doi=10.1260/0957456011498669|issn=0957-4565}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-01|title=Recreational noise: Impact and costs for annoyed residents in Milan and Turin|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003682X17303390|journal=Applied Acoustics|language=en|volume=133|pages=173–181|doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.12.021|issn=0003-682X|last1=Ottoz|first1=Elisabetta|last2=Rizzi|first2=Lorenzo|last3=Nastasi|first3=Francesco}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Asensio|first=Cesar|last2=Gasco|first2=Luis|last3=de Arcas|first3=Guillermo|last4=López|first4=Juan Manuel|last5=Alonso|first5=Jesus|year=2018|title=Assessment of Residents' Exposure to Leisure Noise in Málaga (Spain)|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/5/12/134|journal=Environments|language=en|volume=5|issue=12|pages=134|doi=10.3390/environments5120134}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-noise-and-noise-control-act|title=EPA History: Noise and the Noise Control Act|last=EPA|date=1982|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Jul 31, 2018}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nonoise.org/regulation/index.htm|title=Noise Regulation in the U.S.|last=Noise Pollution Clearinghouse|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Jul 31, 2018}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nonoise.org/lawlib/cities/cities.htm|title=Noise Regulations & Ordinances of U.S. Cities, Counties, and Towns|last=Noise Pollution Clearinghouse|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Jul 31, 2018}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/22942|title=Noise Levels for U.S. Certificated and Foreign Aircraft|last=Federal Aviation Administration|date=Nov 15, 2001|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Jul 31, 2018}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/apl/noise_emissions/airport_aircraft_noise_issues/|title=Aircraft Noise Issues|last=Federal Aviation Administration|date=2018|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Jul 31, 2018}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/|title=Highway Traffic Noise|last=Federal Highway Administration|date=2017|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Jul 31, 2018}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.transportation.gov/highlights/national-transportation-noise-map|title=National Transportation Noise Map|last=U.S. Department of Transportation|date=Mar 28, 2018|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=Jul 31, 2018}}