“Estoc”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Estoc" is the French name for a type of sword, also called a tuck in English, in use from the 14th to 17th centuries.^[1] It is characterized as having a cruciform hilt with a grip for two-handed use and a straight, edgeless, but sharply pointed blade of around {{convert|0.91|m|in}} to {{convert|1.32|m|in}} in length.

Description

The estoc was a variation of the longsword designed for fighting against mail or plate armour.^[2] It was long, straight and stiff with no cutting edge, just a point. Examples from Poland are more than {{convert|1.57|m|in}} long, with a blade of {{convert|1.32|m|in}}; however, others show a more manageable {{convert|1.17|m|in}}, with a {{convert|0.91|m|in}} blade. Such swords average about four pounds (2 kg) with no specimen weighing more than six pounds.^[3]

Blade cross-sections can be triangular, square, rhomboid or flat hexagonal.^[1] This geometry leaves hardly any cutting capability as a sharpened edge could simply not be ground, but allowed the weapon to become lengthy, stiff, and very acutely pointed.^[4]

Early on, the estoc was hung from the saddle when on horseback and simply hung from the belt when a soldier took to the ground. As the weapon developed, however, infantrymen using it began to wear it in a scabbard.^[5] Most varieties of estoc provide a long grip like that of a greatsword, though others mimic the zweihänder in providing a long ricasso with a secondary guard of parrierhaken.{{efn-ua| small, pointed lugs or flanges protruding from their blades 4-8 inches below their guard. These parrierhaken or 'parrying hooks' act almost as a secondary guard for the ricasso to catch and bind other weapons or prevent them from sliding down into the hands.^[6]}}

As on the zweihänder, this extended grip gives the wielder the advantage of extra leverage with which to more accurately and powerfully thrust the long weapon. Some other forms provided finger rings, curved quillons, or other varieties of compound hilts.^[2]

History

As armour improved, so did the methods of attacking it. It was quickly realized that cutting weapons were losing their effectiveness, so crushing weapons such as maces and axes were utilized. Thrusting weapons that could split the rings of mail, or find the joints and crevices of plate armour, were also employed. Long tapered swords could also be used as lances once an actual lance had splintered. Thus was the estoc developed. The French word estoc translates to thrust.^[4]

While there is nothing to stop an estoc from being one-handed, most are two-handed, being used half-sword or two hands on the grip.

In addition to being popular for use as a cavalry weapon, the estoc was frequently used during dismounted hand-to-hand combat at tournaments, its lack of a sharp edge reducing the risk of unintentional injury.

Hunting

It was also widely employed as a hunting sword in the late 15th century,^[7] usually for hunting wild boar, bear, and stag; typically from horseback. Although hunting with a sword is less ideal than using a lance or spear, the added element of danger added to the thrill of the hunt, since using a sword brought the hunter in closer proximity to dangerous animals, as well as bringing more perceived glory. The estoc was useful for this purpose, being a long sword with a strong blade, able to take the shock of meeting with an animal without breaking, while also giving the necessary reach to attack from horseback. However, it also had a very thin, sharp point, designed for penetrating chain mail. This thin point had little immediate terminal wounding effect on a wild boar or bear, unless a vital organ was hit, requiring a second man to stand by with a spear to finish the wounded animal off. It was also very easy to over-penetrate, bringing the wielder into danger from the animal's claws and teeth. Around 1500 AD, a solution was reached by replacing the thin point of the estoc with a standard leaf-shaped boar-spear head, in essence creating a one-handed short spear. To prevent the blade from over-penetrating, most were fitted with a cross-shaft above the blade. To allow the blade to fit into a scabbard, these were typically simple removable pegs of wood or bone, but some examples have spring-loaded shafts that automatically deploy when the blade is drawn. An early image of these "boar-spear swords" shows Emperor Maximilian I in a triumphal procession after a successful boar-hunt, the riders proudly carrying their spear-pointed swords upright. These weapons quickly became widely popular all over Europe, and examples can be found in numerous illustrations and descriptions of the time.

Bullfighting

See also

Notes

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|last=Loades|first=Mike|title=Swords and Swordsmen|year=2010|publisher=Pen & Sword Books|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-1-84884-133-8}}
2. ^¹{{cite book |first=Leonid |last=Tarassuk |author2=Blair, Claude |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms & Weapons: The Most Comprehensive Reference Work Ever Published on Arms and Armor from Prehistoric Times to the Present - with Over 1,200 Illustrations |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1982 |page=491}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/weights.htm |first=J. |last=Clements | title=What Did Historical Swords Weigh? |publisher=ARMA |year=2003|accessdate = 2012-03-03}}
4. ^¹{{cite web |first=John |last=Clements |url=http://www.thearma.org/terms4.htm |title=Medieval & Renaissance Sword Forms and Companion Implements |work=Definitions & Study Terminology |publisher= Association for Renaissance Martial Arts}}
5. ^{{cite book |first=George Cameron |last=Stone | authorlink = George Cameron Stone | title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armour |publisher=Jack Brussel |year=1961 |page=223}}
6. ^{{cite web |last1=Clements |first1=J. |title=The Weighty Issue of Two-Handed Greatswords |url= http://www.thearma.org/essays/2HGS.html |website=ARMA - the Association for Renaissance Martial Arts |accessdate=23 January 2018 |date=October 2004 |publisher= Association for Renaissance Martial Arts |quote=Many of these weapons [two-handed greatswords] have compound-hilts with side-rings and enlarged cross-guards of up to 12 inches. Most have small, pointed lugs or flanges protruding from their blades 4-8 inches below their guard. These parrierhaken or “parrying hooks” act almost as a secondary guard for the ricasso to catch and bind other weapons or prevent them from sliding down into the hands.}}
7. ^Blackmore, Howard L. (1971). Hunting Weapons from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Dover edition 2000: Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, pp. 6-11. {{ISBN|0486409619}},{{ISBN|978-0486409610}}
8. ^see: Estoque de toreo (Spanish)