| 词条 | Solomonari |
| 释义 |
The Solomonar or Șolomonar{{Efn|As well as alternating the initial consonant between s /s/ and ş /ʃ/, earlier reflexes of the word in Romanian may add "-i" and the regular "-u" formerly found in the noun declension.}} (In German sources often: Scholomonar) is a wizard believed, in Romanian folklore to ride a dragon (zmeu{{Efn|Ismeju is the German phoneticization of zmeu.}} or a balaur) and control the weather, causing rain, thunder, or hailstorm. They are recruited from common folk and taught their magic at the Solomonărie or Şolomanţă (German phonetization: Scholomance).[1] General descriptionThe Solomonars are said to be tall, red-haired, wearing long white robes of peasants,[2] sometimes woolen,[3] or clad in ragged attire made from patches,[2] and they are most often seen around begging for alms.[2] The contents of their magic bag are instruments such as an iron ax, birchbark reins or bridle, a book of wisdom.[2] A branch that has killed a snake is included in some lists.{{sfnp|Martin|Laplantine|Introvigne|1994|p=142}} Once they are in the guise of beggars, often as a crippled one or a blindfolded one, they blend in with the populace so they cannot be distinguished as wizards.[3] However, they apparently have the knowledge and memory of which peasant's farm deserves his retribution when he acts as a dragon-rider sending down his hailstorm.[4] Schooling{{More|Scholomance}}The Solomonari, by some accounts, are recruited from the people.[2] They are taught their magic and the speech of animals at the school (Scholomance),[3]{{sfnp|Martin|Laplantine|Introvigne|1994|p=143}} and become capable of riding the dragons. Tradition says they became the Devil's students, either being instructed by him, or becoming a servant to his commands.[11][12][5] An additional belief was that the students were taught at the Devil's school which was situated underground, and that the students avoided the rays of the sun for the 7-year duration of their study.[5] They were in fact a type of strigoi or vampire, according to S. F. Marian, who collected the folklore from the field.[6]{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Marian adds here the belief that the strigoi, like the vampire avoided eating garlic or having contact with it. And had to be buried faced down with garlic in its mouth to prevent him resurrecting and causing mischief.[3]}} Dragon-riders and weatherThe solomonari were regarded as dragon-riders who control the weather, causing thunder, or rain, or hail to fall. One way in which this belief was articulated{{Efn|Folklore given by Wilhelm Schmidt and Emily Gerard's version}} was that a particular pupil out of the graduating class of ten would be selected by the Devil to become the designated Weather-maker ({{lang-de|Wettermacher}}) who rode the dragon "Ismeju" (German phoneticization of zmeu).[18] Or he became the "Devil's aide-de-camp"[11] who rode the zmeu to make thunderbolts.[11] Or thirdly, the Solomonariu would fly up into the skies, and whenever his dragon glanced the clouds rainfall would come.{{Efn|In this version, it is written as if only the designated student retained by the devil earned the name Solomonariu.}}[21] But God made sure the dragon would not weary, because if it plummeted, it would devour a great part of the earth.[21] A rather different presentation is that Solomonari who normally lived as beggars among the populace, would occasionally engage himself to become the dragon-rider and hail-bringer. He selected which fields to damage, knowing which of the peasants were unkind to them. A peasant may hire a "counter-Solomonari"{{Efn|»Gegen-Solomonarĭ«.}} who will pronounce spells to divert the dragon-riding Solmomonari.[4] In this version, the type of dragon they rode were the balauri (sing. balaur).[7][8] This dragon can be brought out of a bottomlessly deep lake by using "golden reins" ({{lang-de|ein goldene Zaum}}; {{lang-ro|{{linktext|un |frâu |de |aur}}}}), and the wizard and dragon would create storms or bring down hail.[8][9][10] 19th century sources"Scholomance" and "Scholomonariu" appeared in print in the Austrian journal Österreichische Revue in 1865, written by Wilhelm Schmidt (1817–1901)[11] The piece is discussed as a belief present in the Central Romanian Fogarasch (Făgăraș) district and beyond, with additional lore from Hermannstadt.[12] Emily Gerard later wrote on the topic of "Scholomance", although she only referred to its attendees as "scholars", and did not specifically employ the term Solomanari or the equivalent.[13]Romanian ethnobotanist Simion Florea Marian described the Solmonari in his article on "Daco-Romanian Mythology" in the {{illm|Albina Carpaților|ro}} (1879.[14] Marian collected this folklore orally from the people in Siebenbürgen (Transylvania) and the adjoining Bukovina-Moldavia region.{{sfnp|Gaster|1884|p=284}} Origin and nameThe term "Solomonar" ("solomonar" - singular, "solomonars" - plural) has been in use since at least the 18th century. Scholomonáriu, defined as Zauberer or "sorcerer" occurs in a particularly early instance in a glossary dating from 1781.[15] EtymologiesThe default explanation is that the word is connected to King Solomon via the addition of the occupational suffix "-ar", although this may be folk etymology.[34][35] A folkloric account attests to the association with the biblical king. In an account given by Friedrich von Müller the "Kaiser Salomo" has the ability to control the weather, and the inheritors of his art are called "Scholomonar".[36][16] Gaster, more complicatedly, suggested a hybrid of the word for the magic school Scholomantze (Romanian orthography: Şolomanţă) from association with Salamanca, and Solomonie (from Solomon).{{sfnp|Gaster|1884|pp=288–299}}[17] An alternate derivation from the German Schulmänner ("scholars"), in reference to the popular belief that solomonars attended a school, is credited to J. Vulcan.[18][19]{{Refn|Or derive from German Schule "school".[20]}} Zeus hypothesisKing Solomon as weather-maker may derive from the Greek myth of Zeus the king of gods controlling the weather, a theory proposed by A. Oișteanu[21] This notion that Solomon's adherents were wizards may have been popularized by the influence of the adventure tale Solomon and Morcolf.[22] Red Jews hypothesisAs the Solomonari have been described as red-haired giants ({{lang-ro|uriaşi}}, pl.), a connection to them and the legendary Red Jews (evreilor roşii{{Efn|It is unclear if "evreilor roşii" is a term is standared or widely circulate in Romania, but it is the term used by Majuru to translate "Red Jews" in Koestler's book.}}) has been suggested by {{illm|Adrian Majuru|ro}}. This hypothesis builds on Lazăr Șăineanu's theory that giant/Jews in Romanian folklore derived from the historical Khazars, and Arthur Koestler bringing the notion of the "Red Jews" into that formulation (Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe, the ultimate source being A. N. Poliak's book on the Khazars in Hebrew).[2][23] Dacian ascetics hypothesisSimilarity with the Geto-Dacian ascetics called the ktistai described by Strabo was noted by Traian Herseni (d. 1980) who hypothesized that they were the original Solomonari.[24][25] Herseni posited that the ktisai were more properly called "skistai" meaning "those who abstain from worldly pleasures", and that the cryptic byname that Strabo gave them Kapnobatai (which literally means "smoke-treaders"[48]) really meant "travelers in the clouds".[25] The theory has found its strong proponent in Eugen Agrigoroaiei, who pronounced that the origins of the Solomonari had been established, and the Dacian cloud travelers must have been authentic Solomonari.[26][25] Andrei Oișteanu cautions that while "enticing", the "hypothesis remains as only as plausibility".{{Efn|Romanian: "ipoteza este spectaculoasă şi ispititoare"; "această ipoteză să rămână doar plauzibilă".}} He points out that a tradition kept alive from Caesar's time to the 19th century presents a credibility issue, since there is a complete vacuum in the records about any of it for the 1900-year interim.[25] {{illm|Mihai Coman|ro}} is another skeptic who referred to the idea as "speculation by Herseni".[27] Parallels and synonymsParallels with the legend of the Serbo-Croatian garabancijaš dijak ({{lang-hu|Garaboncziás Diák}}) "necromantic scholar" had been sought in Moses Gaster's paper, which is one a major source for the Solomanarii folkloristics. The Croatian version was described by Vatroslav Jagić and the Hungarian version by {{illm|Oszkár Asbóth (linguist){{!}}Oszkár Asbóth|hu|Asbóth Oszkár (nyelvész))}}.{{sfnp|Gaster|1884|pp=281–282}} The meaning of the term is very similar if not identical in all its occurrences because it always refers to an enchanter (practitioner of magic based on incantation), a summoner and master of high and subtle energies. A number of synonyms can be found in Romanian, including "zgrimințeș", and it is considered synonymous or closely connected to the widespread Balkan legend known in Serbo-Croatian (for example) as grabancijaš dijak[28] ("the necromancy student"). Additional details{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2018}}Some sources like to refer to the dragons that the Solomonari ride as "storm dragons".{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The riders may travel together with Moroi.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Fearing their wrath, people usually ask a Master Stonemason for advice. This Master Stonemason is a former Solomonar himself, who dropped the craft in favor of being again amongst people; his knowledge is highly prized because he knows the secrets of Solomonars.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The Solomonars were not supernatural creatures, but rather humans who learned special abilities. It is said that the children who become solomonar are born bearing a particular type of membrane on their head or on the whole of their body. Later, as the legend says, these children were to be selected into apprenticeship by experienced Solomonars, taken into forests or in caves which would usually be marked with encoded inscriptions. These children would learn the art and craft of wizardry, which they would use to fight against the dark forces of nature and of the human spirit. They are often said to be very secretive and if they lied or broke the caste rules, they were severely and cruelly punished. Some accounts state that Solomonars have a special book in which all their knowledge and power is gathered. This is the book they use during their apprenticeship and only one out of seven apprentices becomes a solomonar.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The Solomonars lived like ascetics, away from the civilized world, and sometimes they are said to actually live on "the other realm" although they are known to return to civilization and beg for alms although they do not need anything and wherever they are not received well, they would call a hailstorm as a means of punishment.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} In early times, the solomonars were considered benevolent, but as Christianity began to supplement early beliefs, the "solomonars" started to be perceived as evil and the popular beliefs even invented an "anti-solomonar" hero type. Fortunately, like we saw, the belief in "solomonars" has not died out; it had diminished over time but it is still kept in remote locations of Romania. The "Solomonars" are often rather seen as cunning and intelligent people. However, generally speaking, people did and do not treat them as evil wizards.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} AnecdotesThe Romanian tradition does not doubt their existence. There are even witnessing accounts in Transylvania and Moldavia regarding the existence of living solomonars.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Friedrich von Müller (1857) reported a story from Schäßburg (Sighișoara in Transylvania) in which a Romanian mistook a robed student for a solomonar.[29]Explanatory notes{{notelist}}References
1. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Șăineanu |first=Lazăr |title=Basmele Române |place=Bucuresci |publisher=Lito-tip. C. Göbl |year=1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nA2gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA871 |page=871}} {{isbn|9-780-3160-9226-5}}[30][31][32][33][34]2. ^{{harvp|Martin|Laplantine|Introvigne|1994|p=142}}: "comme un mendiant". 3. ^1 Marian (1879), pp. 54–56; German tr., {{harvp|Gaster|1884|pp=287–288}} 4. ^1 Marian (1879), pp. 54–56; German tr., {{harvp|Gaster|1884|pp=286–287}} 5. ^1 Marian (1879), pp. 54–56; German tr., {{harvp|Gaster|1884|p=285}} 6. ^Marian (1879), pp. 54–56; German tr., {{harvp|Gaster|1884|p=285}}: "Die Solomonari sind bösartige Leute, eine Art »Strigoi« (Vampyre)". 7. ^Marian (1879): "Cînd voiesc Solomonarii să se suie în nori, iau friul cel de aur şi se duc la un lac fără de fund sau la o altă apă mare, unde ştiu ei că locuiesc balaurii", quoted in: Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu; Brâncuș, Grigore (1976) edd., {{plain link|name=Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAN_9QPRU1gC&q=balaurii}} 3, p. 438. 8. ^1 Marian (1879), pp. 54–56, German (tr.), {{harvp|Gaster|1884|p=285}}: "Mit diesem Zaum zäumen die Solomonari die ihnen anstatt Pferde dienenden Drachen (Balauri)" or, "With these [golden] reins, the Solomonari rein their dragons (balauri) that they use instead of horses". 9. ^{{citation|last=Ljiljana |first=Marks |title=Legends about the Grabancijaš Dijak in the 19th Century and in Contemporary Writings |journal=Acta Ethnographica Hungarica |volume=54 |number=2 |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?&id=SkwqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22solomonar%22 |page=327}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/doar-un-mister-de-al-solomonarilor---170820 |last=Bucurescu |first=Adrian |title=Doar un mister de-al Solomonarilor |journal=The Epoch Times |date=10 October 2012}} 11. ^{{ÖBL|10|299|300|Schmidt, Wilhelm (1817-1901), Historiker|F. Hillbrand-Grill}} ({{plain link|url=http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_S/Schmid_Wilhelm_1817_1901.xml|name=xml}}) 12. ^1 {{citation|last=Schmidt |first=Wilhelm |title=Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens |journal=Österreichische Revue |volume=3 |number=1 |year=1865 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beuzAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219 |page=219}}; reissued: {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA16|name=(1866), Hermannstadt, A. Schmiedicke}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{citation|last=Gerard |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Gerard |title=Transylvanian Superstitions |journal=The Nineteenth Century |volume=18 |year=1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8hMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA136|page=136 (128–144)}} 14. ^Marian, Simeon Florea (1879), "Mitologia daco-română", Albina Carpaților III, pp. 54–56 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Sulzer|first1=Franz Joseph|title=Geschichte des transalpinischen Daciens, b.2|date=1781|publisher=Rudolph Gräffer|location=Vienna|page=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jr1fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA265 |language=German}} 16. ^Pointed out by {{harvp|Gaster|1884|p=283}} 17. ^{{harvp|Oișteanu|2004|p=221}}: "În 1884, Moses Gaster a acordat apelativului în discuţie o etimologie combinată: „Şolomonar este rezultatul dintre şolomanţă [de la Salamanca – n. A.O.] + solomonie [de la Solomon – n. A.O.]" 18. ^{{harvp|Gaster|1884|p=285}}: " »Scholomonari« (d. h. »Schulmänner« bemerkt .J. Vulcan)." 19. ^1 {{citation|last1=Ștef|first1=Dorin|title=șolomonár (Ș) |work=Dicționar de regionalisme și arhaisme din Maramureș|date=2011|publisher=Editura Ethnologica}} 20. ^{{citation|last=Ljiljana |first=Marks |title=Legends about the Grabancijaš Dijak in the 19th Century and in Contemporary Writings |journal=Acta Ethnographica Hungarica |volume=54 |number=2 |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?&id=SkwqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22solomonar%22 |page=327}} 21. ^Oișteanu, Andrei (1990), p. 319. Cited by {{harvp|Ștef|2011}}, "șolomonár", Dicționar. 22. ^Șăineanu. Titkin. Cited by {{harvp|Ștef|2011}}, "șolomonár", Dicționar. 23. ^{{citation|last1=Koestler |first1=Arthur |title=The Thirteenth Tribe |publisher=Opesource |year=2014 |origyear=1976 |url=https://archive.org/stream/THETHIRTEENTHTRIBE_201411/THE%20THIRTEENTH%20TRIBE#page/n45 |isbn=}}, Ch. IV, Sect. 10: "To quote Poliak again: 'The popular Jewish legend does not remember a 'Khazar' kingom but a kingom of the 'Red Jews'"; partially quoted in {{harvp|Majuru|2012}} and attributed (to Koestler) in note 58. 24. ^{{cite journal|last=Herseni |first=Traian |author-link=Traian Herseni |title=Le dragon dace |journal= Ethnologica |number=1|year= 1979|pages=13–22}} 25. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Oișteanu |first=Andrei |title=Ordine și Haos. Mit și magie în cultura tradițională românească |place= |publisher=Polirom |year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjJrDAAAQBAJ&q=ktistai |page=185}}; {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjJrDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT235 |name=2016 edition}} 26. ^{{cite book|first=Eugen |last=Agrigoroaiei |title=Ţara neuitatelor constelaţii: folclor arhaic românesc |publisher=Junimea |year=1981 |url= |language=Romanian}} 27. ^Coman, 1983, p. 123, cited by {{harvp|Oișteanu|2004}} 28. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Taloș|first1=Ion|translator=Anneliese and Claude Lecouteux |title=Petit dictionnaire de mythologie populaire roumaine |date=2002 |publisher=ELLUG|location=Grenoble, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu_6QPkgfpAC&pg=PA187 | isbn=2843100364|pages=187–188|language=French}} 29. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Müller|first1=Friedrich von|title=Siebenbürgische Sagen|date=1857|publisher=J. Gött|location=Kronstadt|pages=177–178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrcAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA177 |language=German}} 30. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{citation|last=Majuru |first=Adrian |title=Khazar Jews. Romanian History And Ethnography |journal=Plural Magazine |volume=27 |year=2006 |url=http://icr.ro/pagini/khazar-jews-romanian-history-and-ethnography |page=234}} (English tr.); {{cite web|ref={{SfnRef|Majuru|2012}}|last=Majuru |year=2012 |url=http://www.e-antropolog.ro/2012/01/evreii-khazari-istorie-si-etnografie-romaneasca-ii/ |title=Evreii Khazari. Istorie Şi Etnografie Românească (II)}} {{ro icon}} 31. ^1 2 {{citation|last1=Ramsland |first1=Katherine |title=The Science of Vampires |publisher=Penguin |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8P80OfiXJgC&pg=PT33 |page=33 |isbn=9-781-1012-0423-8}} 32. ^1 Lore of Fogarasch (Făgăraș) district, etc., , {{harvp|Schmidt|1866|p=16}} 33. ^1 2 Lore of Hermannstadt, {{harvp|Schmidt|1866|p=16}} 34. ^1 Strabo, {{plain link|url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.3 |name=Geography}} VII.3.3 }}
2 : Romanian mythology|Magic (paranormal) |
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