“Etrich Taube”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Taube was designed in 1909 by Igo Etrich of Austria-Hungary, and first flew in 1910. It was licensed for serial production by Lohner-Werke in Austria and by Edmund Rumpler in Germany, now called the Etrich-Rumpler-Taube.^[2]^[3] Rumpler soon changed the name to Rumpler-Taube, and stopped paying royalties to Etrich, who subsequently abandoned his patent.

Despite its name, the Taube's unique wing form was not modeled after a dove, but was copied from the seeds of Alsomitra macrocarpa, which can fly long distances from their parent tree. Similar wing shapes were also used by Karl Jatho and Frederick Handley Page.{{citation needed|date=August 2015|reason=Jatho not in major sources}} Etrich had tried to build a flying wing aircraft based on the Zanonia wing shape, but the more conventional Taube type, with tail surfaces, was much more successful.

Etrich adopted the format of crosswind-capable main landing gear that Louis Blériot had used on his Blériot XI cross-channel monoplane for better ground handling. The wing has three spars and was braced by a cable-braced steel tube truss (called a "bridge", or Brücke in German) under each wing: at the outer end the uprights of this structure were lengthened to rise above the upper wing surfaces, to form kingposts to carry bracing and warping wires for the enlarged wingtips. A small landing wheel was sometimes mounted on the lower end of this kingpost, to protect it for landings and to help guard against ground loops.^[4]

Later Taube-type aircraft from other manufacturers replaced the Bleriot type main gear with a simpler V-strut main gear design, and also omitted the underwing "bridge" structure to reduce drag.

Like many contemporary aircraft, especially monoplanes, the Taube used wing warping rather than ailerons for lateral (roll) control, and also warped the rear half of the stabilizer to function as the elevator. Only the vertical, twinned triangular rudder surfaces were usually hinged.

Operational history

The design provided for very stable flight, which made it extremely suitable for observation. In addition, the translucent wings made it difficult for ground observers to detect a Taube at an altitude above 400 meters.{{fact|date=September 2018}} The first hostile engagement was by an Italian Taube in 1911 in Libya, its pilot using pistols and dropping {{convert|2|kg|abbr=on}} grenades. The Taube was also used for bombing in the Balkans in 1912–13, and in late 1914 when German {{convert|3|kg|abbr=on}} bomblets and propaganda leaflets were dropped over Paris. Taube spotter planes detected the advancing Imperial Russian Army in East Prussia during the World War I Battle of Tannenberg.

In civilian use, the Taube was used by pilots to win the Munich-Berlin Kathreiner prize. On 8 December 1911, Gino Linnekogel and Suvelick Johannisthal achieved a two-man endurance record for flying a Taube 4 hours and 35 minutes over Germany.^[5]^[6]

World War I

While initially there were two Taube aircraft assigned to Imperial German units stationed at Qingdao, China, only one was available at the start of the war due to an accident. The Rumpler Taube piloted by Lieutenant Gunther Plüschow had to face the attacking Japanese, who had with them a total of eight aircraft. On October 2, 1914, Plüschow's Taube attacked the Japanese warships{{clarify|where?|date=April 2012}} with two small bombs, but failed to score any hits. On November 7, 1914, shortly before the fall of Qingdao, Plüschow was ordered to fly top secret documents to Shanghai, but was forced to make an emergency landing at Lianyungang in Jiangsu, where he was interned by a local Chinese force. Plüschow was rescued by local Chinese civilians under the direction of an American missionary, and successfully reached his destination at Shanghai with his top secret documents, after giving the engine to one of the Chinese civilians who rescued him.

Poor rudder and lateral control made the Taube difficult and slow to turn. The aeroplane proved to be a very easy target for the faster and more mobile Allied fighters of World War I, and just six months into the war, the Taube had been removed from front line service to be used to train new pilots. Many future German aces would learn to fly in a Rumpler Taube.

Variants

Due to the lack of license fees, no less than 14 companies built a large number of variations of the initial design, making it difficult for historians to determine the exact manufacturer based on historical photographs. An incomplete list is shown below. The most common version was the Rumpler Taube with two seats.

Operators

Survivors and flyable reproductions

The Technisches Museum Wien is thought to have the only remaining Etrich-built example of the Taube. It is an early enough example to have a four-cylinder engine,^[10] and is potentially a twin to Gavotti's Taube aircraft from 1911, also said to have been powered with a four-cylinder inline engine. Other examples of original Taubes exist, such as one in Norway, which was the last original Taube to fly under its own power in 1922, over a Norwegian fjord.

The Owl's Head Transportation Museum in Owls Head, Maine, USA, is so far the only museum to attempt the construction of a flyable reproduction of the Etrich Taube in North America. Their example first flew in 1990, and it still flies today with the power of a 200 hp Ranger L-440 inline-6 "uprighted" air-cooled engine.^[11]

Specifications (Rumpler Taube)

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=Mercedes Typ E4F^[12]
|eng1 type=4-cyl. water-cooled piston engine
|eng1 kw=64

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13294524 |title=Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era |publisher=BBC News |first=Alan |last=Johnston |date=10 May 2011}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.khs.at/aviaticum/6.htm |title=Lohner Etrich-F Taube OE-CET |publisher=Virtual Aviation Museum |date= |accessdate=2011-04-25}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.khs.at/aviaticum/7.htm |title=Lohner Etrich-F Taube OE-CET |publisher=Virtual Aviation Museum |date= |accessdate=2011-04-25}}
4. ^The Etrich Monoplane Flight, 11 November 1911, p.276
5. ^{{cite book|title=Contact! The Story of the Early Aviators|author=Henry Villard|page=183}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=The American year book, Volume 2|author1=Simon Newton Dexter North |author2=Francis Graham Wickware |author3=Albert Bushnell Hart |page=719}}
7. ^Mikesh, Robert and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London: Putnam, 1990. {{ISBN|0-85177-840-2}}
8. ^財団法人日本航空協会 Japan Aeronautic Association, ミニ企画展「日本航空協会創立100周年記念展帝国飛行協会と航空スポーツ」- 国立科学博物館 (JAA 100th anniversary exhibition – National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo)
9. ^Siege of Tsingtao
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.technischesmuseum.at/language/en-us/home/sammlung-forschung/sammlungsbereiche/ojekt-detail/articleid/371/urlmaster/false |title=Etrich-II Taube, built in 1910 |publisher=Technisches Museum Wien |date= |accessdate=2011-04-25}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ohtm.org/etrich.html |title=1913 Etrich Taube (Replica) |publisher=Owls Head Transportation Museum |date= |accessdate=2011-04-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410085520/http://www.ohtm.org/etrich.html |archivedate=2011-04-10 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mincbergr.net/index.php?page=en-mercedes-e4f-64hp|title=Mercedes E4F 64HP Engine|last=Mincbergr|first=Marek|accessdate=3 May 2012}}

Design and development