| 词条 | Eugene Dynkin |
| 释义 |
| name = Eugene Dynkin | image = Eugene Dynkin 2003.jpg | alt = Color photo of Dynkin in his office, circa 2003 | caption = Eugene Dynkin at home in 2003. Photo courtesy of the Dynkin Collection. |birth_name=Eugene Borisovich Dynkin | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1924|05|11}} | birth_place = Leningrad, Soviet Union | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|11|14|1924|05|11|df=yes}} | death_place = Ithaca, New York, United States | residence = Ithaca, New York, United States | citizenship = United States | field = Mathematics | work_institutions = Moscow University Central Economic Mathematical Institute Cornell University | alma_mater = Moscow University | doctoral_advisor = Andrey Kolmogorov | doctoral_students =Nicolai V. Krylov Igor Girsanov Fridrikh Karpelevich Anatoliy Skorokhod Ernest Vinberg Complete List | prizes = Leroy P. Steele Prize (1993) }} Eugene Borisovich Dynkin ({{lang-ru|Евге́ний Бори́сович Ды́нкин}}; 11 May 1924 – 14 November 2014) was a Soviet and American mathematician.[1] He has made contributions to the fields of probability and algebra, especially semisimple Lie groups, Lie algebras, and Markov processes. The Dynkin diagram, the Dynkin system, and Dynkin's lemma are named after him. BiographyDynkin was born into a Jewish family,[1] living in Leningrad until 1935, when his family was exiled to Kazakhstan.[2] Two years later, when Dynkin was 13, his father disappeared in the Gulag.[1][2] Moscow UniversityAt the age of 16, in 1940, Dynkin was admitted to Moscow University. He avoided military service in World War II because of his poor eyesight, and received his M.S. in 1945 and his Ph.D. in 1948. He became an assistant professor at Moscow, but was not awarded a "chair" until 1954 because of his political undesirability. His academic progress was made difficult due to his father's fate, as well as Dynkin's Jewish origin; the special efforts of Andrey Kolmogorov, his Ph.D. supervisor, made it possible for Dynkin to progress through graduate school into a teaching position.[2] USSR Academy of SciencesIn 1968, Dynkin was forced to transfer from the Moscow University to the Central Economic Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.[1] He worked there on the theory of economic growth and economic equilibrium. CornellHe remained at the Institute until 1976, when he emigrated to the United States.[3] In 1977, he became a professor at Cornell University.[3][4] DeathDynkin died at a hospital in Ithaca, New York, aged 90.[5][6] Dynkin was an atheist.[7] Mathematical workDynkin is considered to be a rare example of a mathematician who made fundamental contributions to two very distinct areas of mathematics: algebra and probability theory.[8] The algebraic period of Dynkin's mathematical work was between 1944 and 1954, though even during this time a probabilistic theme was noticeable.[9] Indeed, Dynkin's first publication was in 1945, jointly with N. A. Dmitriev, solved a problem on the eigenvalues of stochastic matrices. This problem was raised at Kolmogorov's seminar on Markov chains, while both Dynkin and Dmitriev were undergraduates.[9] Lie TheoryWhile Dynkin was a student at Moscow University, he attended Israel Gelfand's seminar on Lie groups. In 1944, Gelfand asked him to prepare a survey on the structure and classification of semisimple Lie groups, based on the papers by Hermann Weyl and Bartel Leendert van der Waerden. Dynkin found the papers difficult to read, and in an attempt to better understand the results, he invented the notion of a "simple root" in a root system. He represented the pairwise angles between these simple roots in the form of a Dynkin diagram. In this way he obtained a cleaner exposition of the classification of complex semisimple Lie algebras.[10] Of Dynkin's 1947 paper "Structure of semisimple Lie algebras", Bertram Kostant wrote: {{quote|In this paper, using only elementary mathematics, and starting with almost nothing, Dynkin, brilliantly and elegantly developed the structure and machinery of semisimple Lie algebras. What he accomplished in this paper was to take a hitherto esoteric subject, and to make it into beautiful and powerful mathematics.|Bertram Kostant|"Selected papers", p. 363}} Dynkin's 1952 influential paper "Semisimple subalgebras of semisimple Lie algebras", contained large tables and lists, and studied the subalgebras of the exceptional Lie algebras. Probability theoryDynkin is considered one of the founders of the modern theory of Markov processes. The results obtained by Dynkin and other participants of his seminar at Moscow University were summarized in two books. The first of these, "Theory of Markov Processes", was published in 1959, and laid the foundations of the theory. Dynkin's one-hour talk at the 1962 International Congress of Mathematicians in Stockholm, was delivered by Kolmogorov, since prior to his emigration, Dynkin was never permitted to travel to the West.[11] This talk was titled "Markov processes and problems in analysis". Prizes and awards
Publications
See also
Notes1. ^{{MacTutor|id=Dynkin|title=Eugene Borisovich Dynkin}} 2. ^1 2 {{harvtxt|Dynkin|2000|p=xiii}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|mr=1309461|last1=Vvedenskaya|first1=N. D.|last2=Dobrushin|first2=R. L.|last3=Onishchik|first3=A. L.|last4=Uspenskiĭ|first4=V. A.|title=Evgeniĭ Borisovich Dynkin (on the occasion of his seventieth birthday).|journal=Russian Math. Surveys|volume=49|year=1994|issue=4|pages=183–191|doi=10.1070/rm1994v049n04abeh002411}} 4. ^In {{harvtxt|Dynkin|2000|p=xv}}, Dynkin states "I came to the United States from the Soviet Union in 1977". 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mccme.ru/head/news/dynkin.htm|script-title=ru:Евгений Борисович Дынкин|publisher=Moscow Mathematical Center of Continuous Education|language=Russian|accessdate=16 November 2014}} 6. ^Cornell Chronicle obit 7. ^http://dynkincollection.library.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/Dynkin%20and%20Kuznetsov%20July%2025,%201999-Final%20English%20transcript_0.pdf 8. ^{{harvtxt|Dynkin|2000|p=xi}} 9. ^1 {{harvtxt|Dynkin|2000|p=385}} 10. ^{{harvtxt|Dynkin|2000|p=xiii,7}} 11. ^{{harvtxt|Dynkin|2000|p=388}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://nas.nasonline.org/site/Dir/38308266?pg=vprof&mbr=1002587&returl=http%3A%2F%2Fnas.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FDir%2F38308266%3Fpg%3Dsrch%26view%3Dbasic&retmk=search_again_link|title=Eugene Dynkin|publisher=NAS}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=News in 2003|url=http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/general/news/2003.html|publisher=Warwick Mathematics Institute|accessdate=19 August 2015}} 14. ^List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2012-11-10. 15. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Blumenthal, R. M.|title=Review: Theory of Markov processes by E. B. Dynkin & Die Grundlagen der Theorie der Markoffschen Prozesse by E. B. Dykin|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|volume=68|issue=3|pages=176–178|url=http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1962-68-03/S0002-9904-1962-10734-4/S0002-9904-1962-10734-4.pdf|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1962-10734-4}} 16. ^{{cite journal|author=Dawson, Donald A.|authorlink=Donald A. Dawson|title=Review: Diffusions, superdiffusions and partial differential equations by E. B. Dynkin|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.)|year=2004|volume=41|issue=2|pages=245–253|doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-04-01002-X}} External links{{Commons category}}
16 : 1924 births|2014 deaths|American atheists|Fellows of the American Mathematical Society|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|20th-century American mathematicians|21st-century American mathematicians|Soviet mathematicians|Cornell University faculty|Russian atheists|Russian Jews|Russian mathematicians|Algebraists|Jewish atheists|Probability theorists|People from Saint Petersburg |
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