词条 | Eugène Minkowski |
释义 |
|name = Eugène (Eugeniusz) Minkowski |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1885|04|17}} |birth_place = Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1972|11|17|1885|04|17}} |death_place = Paris, France |residence = Warsaw (until 1905) Germany (until 1909) Kazan (until 1913) Munich and Zurich (until 1915) France (from 1915) |citizenship = Russian (until 1918 ) French (from 1918) |nationality = Polish, then French |field = Medicine, psychiatry, phenomenology, phenomenology of perception, phenomenology (psychology) |work_institutions = Burghölzli Hospital French Army in World War I {{Interlanguage link multi|Centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne|fr|3=Centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne|lt=Hôpital Sainte-Anne}} |alma_mater = Imperial University of Warsaw University of Breslau University of Göttingen University of Munich |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Schizophrenia research, Évolution Psychiatrique, élan vital |influences = Karl Jaspers, Eugen Bleuler, Ludwig Binswanger, Henri Bergson, Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler |influenced = Henri Ey, R.D. Laing, Maurice Merleau-Ponty |awards = Croix de guerre 1914–1918, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur |footnotes = |signature = |spouse = Françoise Minkowska née Franciszka Brokman }} Eugène (Eugeniusz) Minkowski ({{IPA-fr|øʒɛn mɛ̃kɔwski}}; 17 April 1885 – 17 November 1972) was a French psychiatrist of Jewish Polish origin, known for his incorporation of phenomenology into psychopathology and for exploring the notion of "lived time". A student of Eugen Bleuler, he was also associated with the work of Ludwig Binswanger and Henri Ey. He was influenced by the phenomenological philosophy and the vitalistic philosophy of Henri Bergson, and by the phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Max Scheler; therefore his work departed from classical medical and psychological models. He was a prolific author in several languages and regarded as a great humanitarian. Minkowski accepted the phenomenological essence of schizophrenia as the “trouble générateur” ("generating disorder") as he thought that it consists in a loss of “vital contact with reality” and shows itself as autism[1]. Life and careerMinkowski was born in Saint Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire, into a Jewish Polish family. He was second of the four sons of August Minkowski, a Warsaw banker and his wife, Tekla, née Lichtenbaum. When he was 7 years old, the family returned to the Polish capital where he attended school and started his medical studies at the Imperial University of Warsaw. However, due to political repression from the czarist government, the university was temporarily closed in 1905. He was obliged to continue his studies at Breslau University (3 semesters), at Göttingen University (2 semesters) and finally, at Munich University (3 semesters)[2] where he obtained his medical degree in 1909.[3] As a Russian subject, he went on to practice medicine in Kazan to obtain Russian certification, and while there, met his future wife, Franciszka Brokman, also a doctor and later known as 'Françoise'. They married in 1913. The couple settled in Munich, where Françoise pursued further work in psychiatry while Eugène took up the study of mathematics and philosophy, attending lectures by Alexander Pfänder and Moritz Geiger, pupils of Edmund Husserl.[4] In Munich he became acquainted with Germanic philosophy. The outbreak of World War I forced them to seek refuge in Zürich with Minkowski's brother, Mieczysław (Michel). There, Minkowski and his wife both became assistants to Eugen Bleuler at the Burghölzli, a university clinic where Carl Gustav Jung and Ludwig Binswanger had practised earlier. In 1914 he finished a work entitled "Les éléments essentiels du temps-qualité" – "The Essential Elements of Time-Quality". At the beginning of the World War I Minkowski volunteered in the French Army in 1915 as a military medic. In 1915, the couple had a son, Alexandre Minkowski, later a pioneer of French neonatology and father of the noted orchestra conductor, Marc Minkowski, followed in 1918 by a daughter, Jeannine, a lawyer. In the war he saw action at the Battle of the Somme and at Battle of Verdun, where his bravery earned him several citations and military decorations, including the Croix de Guerre. He became an officer of the Legion of Honour and obtained French nationality. In France Minkowski came under the influence of the famous French philosopher Henri Bergson, whose views are considered unscientific and opposing the secular.[5] Minkowski was convinced that psychopathology should be closer to philosophy and closer to individual philosopher's views.[5] For Minkowski this philosopher was Bergson.[5] After the war he said:
After World War I, when his enlistment came to an end, he adopted French nationality. The family moved again to Paris permanently and Minkowski returned to medicine and partially abandoned his philosophical pursuits. He worked on the perception of time as a vector in psychopathology, drawing heavily on his unpublished work on Bergson, whom he had known personally. In 1925 he became one of the co-founders of a movement and a French journal in psychiatry, known as "L'Évolution psychiatrique" – "The Psychiatric Evolution". "L'Évolution psychiatrique" introduced the work of Eugen Bleuler and several other psychiatrists, such as Karl Jaspers and Ludwig Binswanger. Directors of "l'Ėvolution psychiatrique" were A. Hesnard and R. Laforgue.[7] Original works and critical studies in the journal have been made by messieurs R. Allendy, A. Borel, A. Ceillier, H. Claude, H. Codet, J. Damourette, A. Hesnard, R. Laforgue, Mme F. Minkowska, E. Minkowski, É Pichon, Robin, R. de Saussure, Schiff and J. Vinchon.[7] Minkowski has published articles in 1925 to the first volume of "L'Ėvolution psychiatrique" – "La Génèse de la Notion de Schizophrénie et ses Caractères Essentiels" – "Genesis of the Notion of Schizophrenia and its Essential Features" and as a bonus he published a page about the modern history of psychiatry.[7] In 1926 he wrote a doctoral thesis on ""La notion de perte de contact avec la réalité et ses applications en psychopathologie"" – The Notion of Loss of Contact with Reality and its Applications in Psychopathology, which was based on the works of Henri Bergson and Eugen Bleuler, and began work at Sainte-Anne's Psychiatric Hospital, a leading mental hospital in Paris. By the way, he also supported Bleuler's concept of the schizophrenic autism. Eugène Minkowski thought that autism is the patient's loss of vital contact with reality (perte de contact vital avec la réalité). He distinguished two types of the schizophrenic autism: 'rich or florid autism' (autisme riche) & 'poor autism' (autisme pauvre), i.e. autism characterized by affective and cognitive "poverty".[8]. But Minkowski disagreed with Eugen Bleuler on several points. First, he didn't believe that the necessary component of autism is "the predominance of the inner fantasy life". In truth, he claimed that a typical schizophrenic patient has the "poor autism" which he described by the poverty of affective and cognitive processes. On that subject, he also criticized Bleuler's description of schizophrenic autism together with Emil Kraepelin. Minkowski claimed that "rich autism" happened only when a schizophrenic patient was equipped with an autism-independent inclination towards affective and cognitive expressivity. Just as important, Minkowski considered autism as a both fundamental and primary disorder of schizophrenia. Other psychopathological features of schizophrenia could be comprehended ("trouble générateur"). In 1927 he published "La Schizophrénie" on schizophrenia, followed in 1933, by "Le Temps vécu. Études phénoménologique et psychopathologiques" – "Lived Time. Phenomenological and Psychopathological Studies". In this, his only book published in English, Minkowski sought to use phenomenology as an approach to psychopathology. He proposed that the pathology of patients should always be interpreted in light of their subjective experience of time. Unable initially to find a publisher he funded a thousand copies himself. It was eventually published by J.L.L. d'Artrey to whom Minkowski dedicated the new edition of the work. Minkowski was in the Resistance during World War II and directed the work of a charity to protect children from the Shoah, which saved thousands of Jewish children. In 1946 he gave one of the first Basel lectures on the psychological suffering during Nazi persecution and went on to testify as an expert witness in numerous subsequent lawsuits. He was the author of some 250 clinical papers and publications.[9] Eugène Minkowski died in 1972. His funeral was attended by a large crowd, including his psychiatrist friend and collaborator, Henri Ey. Philosophy and psychopathologyPhilosophically, Minkowski was influenced by Bergson and the phenomenologist Max Scheler, who had developed separate accounts of Time, (see Bergson's 1889 work Time and Free Will and his analyses of the irrational nature of time). Following Bergson's account of élan vital, Minkowski developed what he named as vital energy, an account of the essence of time. He was also attracted by the practice of the Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler and attempted to synthesize ideas from psychiatry with philosophy, taking an approach similar to Karl Jaspers. He introduced phenomenology as part of his investigations into psychopathology. He sought thereby to explain the experience of patients who appeared to suffer from distortions of time and/or space. Minkowski's first research into the psychopathology of schizophrenia was inspired by Bergson and appeared in his 1927 work La Schizophrénie, which he thought was "due to a deficiency of intuition, a sense of time and to a progressive hypertrophy of the grasp of spatial factors".[10] Based on his dissertation, he considered that schizophrenic patients display a "loss of vital contact with reality" unlike others who experienced life as a "lived synchronism" or what he called "syntony", a notion borrowed from Ernst Kretschmer. According to R.D. Laing, Minkowski made "the first serious attempt in psychiatry to reconstruct the other person's lived experience" and was "the first figure in psychiatry to bring the nature of phenomenological investigations clearly into view".[11] He is quoted on the first page of Laing's classic The Divided Self:
He was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Zurich in 1955 and the University of Warsaw in 1965. Major works in French
Articles in French
Articles in German
Major work in English
Articles in English
Articles in PolishThese include:
Articles in Spanish
References1. ^{{cite journal |author=Annick Urfer | title=Phenomenology and Psychopathology of Schizophrenia: The Views of Eugene Minkowski | journal=Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | volume=8 | issue=4 | year=2001 | issn=1086-3303 | doi=10.1353/ppp.2002.0029 | pages=279—289}} 2. ^http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/index.php/a/eugeniusz-minkowski, Polish National Dictionary of Biography, accessed 26 July 2016. 3. ^{{cite web|title=International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis|url=http://www.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/minkowski-eugene|accessdate=7 June 2011}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Spiegelberg |first=Herbert |title=Phenomenology in Psychology and Psychiatry |publisher=Northwestern University Press |year=1972 |page=237 |isbn=978-0-8101-0357-3}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Matthew R. Broome |title=The Maudsley Reader in Phenomenological Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htp45ezTFQUC&pg=PA89 |date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88275-0 |pages=89–90}} 6. ^Lived Time: Phenomenological and Psychopathological Studies, translation by Nancy Metzel, Northwestern University Press, Evanston. 1970. pp. 6–7. 7. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=Minkowski E. |year=1925 |title=La Génèse de la Notion de Schizophrénie et ses Caractères Essentiels (une page d’histoire contemporaine de la psychiatrie) = [The Genesis of the Schizophrenia Notion and its Essential Characteristics (a page of contemporary history of psychiatry)] |language=French |place=Paris |journal=L'Évolution psychiatrique = [The Psychiatric Evolution] |volume=1 |pages=193–236 |publisher=Payot |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6536271v}} 8. ^{{cite book |author=Adam Feinstein |title=A History of Autism: Conversations with the Pioneers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-UztWdBkPkC&pg=PA6 |date=7 July 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-5167-5 |pages=6}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.minkowska.com/sites/default/files/pdf/eugene_minkowski_biography.pdf|title=Eugène Minkowski (1885–1972)|author=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2017-12-24}} 10. ^Lived Time, p. 272. 11. ^R.D. Laing, "Minkowski and Schizophrenia," Review of Existential Psychology XI (1963), 207. 12. ^Jonathan Crary, "Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle, and Modern culture". External links{{Library resources box|viaf=98060036}}
11 : 1885 births|1972 deaths|People from Saint Petersburg|People from Warsaw|Polish Jews|French people of Polish-Jewish descent|French psychiatrists|Existential therapists|Philosophers of psychology|Phenomenologists|Schizophrenia researchers |
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