| 词条 | Faneuil Hall | |||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| nrhp_type = nhl | image = Faneuil Hall Boston Massachusetts.JPG | caption = Faneuil Hall today, east side | location = Boston, Massachusetts |locmapin =Boston#Massachusetts#USA | coordinates = {{coord|42|21|36.0|N|71|03|22.5|W|display=inline,title}} | area = | built =1742 | architect= John Smibert; Charles Bulfinch | architecture= Georgian |designated_nrhp_type=October 9, 1960 | added = October 15, 1966 | governing_body = Local | refnum=66000368[1] }}Faneuil Hall ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|æ|n|j|əl}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|æ|n|əl}}; previously {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ʌ|n|əl}}), located near the waterfront and today's Government Center, in Boston, Massachusetts, has been a marketplace and a meeting hall since 1743. It was the site of several speeches by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and others encouraging independence from Great Britain. Now it is part of Boston National Historical Park and a well-known stop on the Freedom Trail. It is sometimes referred to as "the Cradle of Liberty".[2] In 2008, Faneuil Hall was rated number 4 in America's 25 Most Visited Tourist Sites by Forbes Traveler.[3] History18th centuryAfter the project of erecting a public market house in Boston had been discussed for some years, slave merchant Peter Faneuil offered, at a public meeting in 1740, to build a suitable edifice at his own cost as a gift to the town. There was a strong opposition to market houses, and although a vote of thanks was passed unanimously, his offer was accepted by a majority of only seven. Funded in part by profits from slave trading,[4] the building was begun in Dock Square in September of the same year.[5] It was built by artist John Smibert in 1740–1742 in the style of an English country market, with an open ground floor serving as the market house, and an assembly room above. According to Sean Hennessey, a National Park Service spokesman, some of Boston's early slave auctions took place near Faneuil Hall.[6] In 1761, the hall was destroyed by fire, with nothing but the brick walls remaining. It was rebuilt by the town in 1762. In 1775, during the British occupation of Boston, it was used for a theatre.[5] 19th centuryIn 1806, the hall was greatly expanded by Charles Bulfinch, doubling its height and width and adding a third floor. Four new bays were added, to make seven in all; the open arcades were enclosed, and the cupola was moved to the opposite end of the building. Bulfinch applied Doric brick pilasters to the lower two floors, with Ionic pilasters on the third floor. This renovation added galleries around the assembly hall and increased its height. Neighboring Quincy Market was constructed in 1824–1826. Faneuil Hall was entirely rebuilt of noncombustible materials in 1898–1899. 20th and 21st centuriesOn October 9, 1960, the building was designated a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places a number of years later.[7] The ground floor and basement were altered in 1979. The Hall was restored again in 1992, and in 1994 the building was [https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/faneuil-hall-study-report.pdf designated] a local Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission. The headquarters of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts is located on the fourth floor and includes an armory, library, offices, quartermaster department, commissary, and military museum with free admission. Faneuil Hall MarketplaceFaneuil Hall is one of four historic buildings in a festival marketplace, Faneuil Hall Marketplace, which includes three historic granite buildings called North Market, Quincy Market, and South Market adjacent to the east of Faneuil Hall, and which operates as an indoor/outdoor mall and food eatery. It was designed by Benjamin Thompson and Associates and managed by Ashkenazy Acquisition Corp.; its success in the late 1970s led to the emergence of similar marketplaces in other U.S. cities. According to Ashkenazy, Faneuil Hall Marketplace had 18 million visitors in 2016.[8] UsesOn Friday in early August 1890, one of the first black Republican legislators of Boston, Julius Caesar Chappelle, made a speech "At the Cradle of Liberty" in support of the Federal Elections bill that would help give blacks the right to vote. Chappelle was a Boston legislator from 1883–1886. The Faneuil Hall event was covered by the media in the United States, and the speech by Chappelle appeared in an August 9, 1890, article, "At the Cradle of Liberty, Enthusiastic Endorsement of the Elections Bill, Faneuil Hall again Filled with Liberty Loving Bostonians to Urge a Free Ballot and Fare Count..." on the front page of The New York Age newspaper on Saturday, August 9, 1890.[9] On November 7, 1979, Faneuil Hall was the site of Sen. Edward M. Kennedy's speech declaring his candidacy for president.[10] On November 3, 2004, Faneuil Hall was the site of Senator John Kerry's concession speech in the 2004 presidential election. On April 11, 2006, Governor Mitt Romney signed Massachusetts' historic healthcare bill into law with a fife and drum band in Faneuil Hall before 300 ticketed guests.[11] On October 30, 2013, President Barack Obama delivered a defense of the Affordable Care Act from the same spot where Governor Mitt Romney signed his state's expansion of healthcare in 2006.[12] On November 2, 2014, Boston Mayor Thomas Menino was laid in state at Faneuil Hall following his death on October 30, 2014.[13] The Headquarters of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts has been in Faneuil Hall since 1746, currently on the 4th floor. It is also still used for political debates between Massachusetts candidates as well as political shows, such as The O'Reilly Factor. NameFaneuil is a French name, and is anglicized as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|æ|n|əl}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|æ|n|j|əl}}.[14] In Colonial times, it may have been pronounced as in funnel. Peter Faneuil's gravestone is marked "P. Funel." However, the inscription was added long after his burial; the stone originally displayed only the Faneuil family crest, not his surname. In his 1825 novel Lionel Lincoln, James Fenimore Cooper used eye dialect for Bostonian characters to indicate that they pronounced it Funnel Hall.[15]Boston area locals often use the term Faneuil to refer to the entire surrounding neighborhood, particularly as a landmark for its vibrant nightlife.[16] In August 2017, amid heightened media coverage of the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials, the activist group New Democracy Coalition proposed that Faneuil Hall's name be changed because of Peter Faneuil's participation in the slave trade.[17] In response to the proposal, Boston Mayor Marty Walsh stated: "We are not going the change the name of Faneuil Hall".[18] Building elementsBellThe bell was repaired in 2007 by spraying the frozen clapper with WD-40 over the course of a week and attaching a rope. Prior to this repair, the last known ringing of the bell with its clapper was at the end of World War II, in 1945, though it had since been rung several times by striking with a mallet.[19] Grasshopper weather vaneThe gilded grasshopper weather vane on top of the building was created by Deacon Shem Drowne in 1742. Gilded with a gold leaf, the copper weather vane weighs {{convert|80|lb}} and is {{convert|4|ft}} long.[20] The weather vane is believed to be modeled after the grasshopper weather vane on the London Royal Exchange, based upon the family crest of Thomas Gresham.[21][22] Public art and landscape artworkThe area between the eastern end of Faneuil Hall and Congress Street is part of Boston National Historical Park. In this landscape is a 19th-century sculpture of Samuel Adams[23] created by sculptor Anne Whitney. The granite plaza surface is marked for {{convert|850|ft|m}} with the approximate location of the early Colonial shoreline c. 1630. The street layout and building plot plan designations from an 1820 map are shown by etched dashed lines and changes from pink granite to grey granite paving slabs. The shoreline marking artwork entitled, A Once and Future Shoreline, is made with etched silhouettes of seaweed, sea grass, fish, shells and other materials found along a high tide line.[24] Art within Faneuil Hall includes many paintings and sculpture busts of Revolutionary War activists, pre Civil War abolitionists, and political leaders.[25] Timeline of events
GallerySee also
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{NRISref|2007a}} Further reading2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall.htm|title=Faneuil Hall Boston, The Cradle Of Liberty|website=www.celebrateboston.com|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 3. ^{{cite news |last = Baedeker |first = Rob |coauthors = |title = America's 25 Most Visited Tourist Sites |work = Forbes Traveler |date = 2008-05-05 |url = http://www.forbestraveler.com/best-lists/most-visited-us-tourist-attractions-slide-4.html?partner=wiki |accessdate = 2008-05-14 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090831200212/http://www.forbestraveler.com/best-lists/most-visited-us-tourist-attractions-slide-4.html?partner=wiki |archivedate = 2009-08-31 |df = }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://historyofmassachusetts.org/faneuil-hall-was-built-with-slave-money/|title=Was Faneuil Hall Built with Slave Money?|date=13 March 2012|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 5. ^1 {{Appletons'|wstitle=Faneuil, Peter|year=1900|inline=1}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://dailyfreepress.com/2010/10/05/unearthing-bostons-past/|title=Unearthing Boston?s Past – The Daily Free Press|website=dailyfreepress.com|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 7. ^http://www.nps.gov/history/nhl/designations/Lists/MA01.pdf 8. ^{{cite news |last=Logan |first=Tim |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/06/08/faneuil-hall-marketplace-aims-draw-more-locals/6nu0n59V8GKK4TTN7g3sDN/story.html |title=Faneuil Hall Marketplace aims to draw more locals |work=The Boston Globe |date=2017-06-08 |accessdate=2017-06-09 }} 9. ^"At the Cradle of Liberty," The New York Age, front page, Saturday August 9th, 1890. 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/carter/3/|title=PBS Carter Administration Timelilne|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/us/13health.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first1=Pam |last1=Belluck |first2=Katie |last2=Zezima |title=Massachusetts Legislation on Insurance Becomes Law |date=April 13, 2006}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2013/10/25/president-obama-heading-boston-wednesday-for-health-care-speech/I2TlvBMP757slnWHIwYweP/story.html|title=President Obama heading to Boston on Wednesday for health care speech - The Boston Globe|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/11/02/mourners-line-cold-rain-sunday-pay-respects-menino/P9YKSffxH5zBVvhffWIbSI/story.html|title=Thousands say goodbye to Menino - The Boston Globe|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 14. ^That is, rhyming with panel or Daniel. 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/lionellincolnorl00cooprich|title=Lionel Lincoln : or, The leaguer of Boston|first1=James Fenimore|last1=Cooper|first2=James Fenimore|last2=Cooper|publisher=New York : Lovell, Coryell|accessdate=30 May 2018|via=Internet Archive}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://maverickempire.com/faneuil-hall-everything-need-know/ |title=Faneuil Hall: Everything you need to know |last=Zander |first=Amy |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=2 August 2018 |work=Maverick Empire}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://wpri.com/2017/08/17/group-calls-for-faneuil-hall-to-be-renamed/|title=Group calls for Faneuil Hall to be renamed|first=Michelle|last=Gere|date=17 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2017/07/18/marty-walsh-into-confession-make-the-making-mayor-marty-walsh-how-marty-walsh-figured-out-god-what-have-gotten-myself/1s12EpEXiBCLfYGtytBmRJ/story.html|title=Marty Walsh has a confession to make|website=bostonglobe.com|accessdate=August 1, 2018}} 19. ^{{cite news | last =Viser | first =Matt | coauthors = | title =It tolls for the city | work =The Boston Globe | date= 2007-05-04 | url =http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/05/04/it_tolls_for_the_city/ | accessdate =2007-05-05 }} 20. ^{{cite news|date=January 6, 1974 |title=Grasshopper Weather Vane on Faneuil Hall Is Stolen |page=54 |publisher=New York Times }} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Faneuil Hall Grasshopper |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall-grasshopper.htm |publisher=Celebrate Boston |accessdate=2008-12-27}} 22. ^{{cite news|date=February 26, 1996|title=Playing Tourist At Home |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EEDF1139F936A15751C0A960958260 |first=Tania |last=Unsworth |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=2008-12-27}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/statue/samuel-adams-statue.htm|title=Samuel Adams Statue at Faneuil Hall Boston|website=www.celebrateboston.com|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://culturenow.org/entry&permalink=05551&seo=Harbor-Shoreline_Ross-Miller|title=CultureNOW - A Once and Future Shoreline ({{not a typo|orignal}} shoreline c. 1630): Ross Miller, Boston Art Commission and Boston Landmarks Commission|website=culturenow.org|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/bost/planyourvisit/upload/FH_ART.pdf|title=Art in Faneuil Hall, Boston National Historical Park Brochure|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/houghton/2013/07/11/a-revolutionary-discovery-in-the-stacks/ |date=11 July 2013 |title=Houghton Library Blog |publisher=Harvard University }} 27. ^Snow. History of Boston. 1828; p.293-294 28. ^Daniel Webster. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tjgvAAAAYAAJ A discourse in commemoration of the lives and services of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson], delivered in Faneuil Hall, Boston, August 2, 1826. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, and Company, 1826 29. ^Timothy Fuller. An oration, delivered at Faneuil Hall, Boston, July 11, 1831: at the request of the Suffolk Anti-Masonic Committee. 1831 30. ^Edward Everett. Eulogy on Lafayette: delivered in Faneuil hall, at the request of the young men of Boston, September 6, 1834. Boston: N. Hale, 1834 31. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq8SAAAAYAAJ The freedom speech of Wendell Phillips]: Faneuil Hall, December 8, 1837, with descriptive letters from eye witnesses. Boston: Wendell Phillips Hall Association, 1890 32. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=nygSAAAAYAAJ First Exhibition and Fair of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association]. 1837 33. ^Remarks of the Hon. Peleg Sprague at Faneuil Hall: before the citizens of Boston and its vicinity, upon the character and services of Gen. William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the Whig candidate for the presidency of the United States. Boston: Whig Republican Assoc., 1839 34. ^Charles Francis Adams. An oration, delivered before the City Council and citizens of Boston, in Faneuil Hall, on the sixty-seventh anniversary of the Declaration of Independence: July 4th, 1843. Boston: J. H. Eastburn, City printer, 1843 35. ^Edward Everett. A eulogy on the life and character of John Quincy Adams: delivered at the request of the legislature of Massachusetts, in Faneuil hall, April 15, 1848. Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, state printers, 1848 36. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=SNhleTwnWSIC Boston slave riot], and trial of Anthony Burns: Containing the report of the Faneuil Hall meeting, the murder of Batchelder, Theodore Parker's Lesson for the day, speeches of counsel on both sides, corrected by themselves, a verbatim report of Judge Loring's decision, and detailed account of the embarkation. Boston: Fetridge and Co., 1854 37. ^Speech of Gen. A. J. Hamilton, of Texas, at the war meeting at Faneuil hall, Saturday evening, April 18, 1863. Boston: Press of T. R. Marvin & son, 1863 38. ^Savannah and Boston: account of the supplies sent to Savannah ; with the Last appeal of Edward Everett in Faneuil Hall ; The letter to the mayor of Savannah ; and, The proceedings of the citizens, and letter of the mayor of Savannah. Boston: J. Wilson, 1865 39. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=fmxJAAAAYAAJ Parks for the people]: Proceedings of a public meeting held at Faneuil hall, June 7, 1876. Boston: Franklin press: Rand, Avery, & co., 1876 40. ^Proceedings of the indignation meeting held in Faneuil Hall, Thursday evening, August 1, 1878: to protest against the injury done to the freedom of the press by the conviction and imprisonment of Ezra H. Heywood. B.R. Tucker, 1878 41. ^Eben Norton Horsford. Discovery of America by Northmen: address at the unveiling of the statue of Leif Eriksen, delivered in Faneuil Hall, Oct. 29, 1887. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1888 42. ^"At the Cradle of Liberty," The New York Age, front page, Saturday, August 9, 1890. 43. ^Socialism: a speech delivered in Faneuil hall, February 7th, 1903, by Frederic J. Stimson ... in joint debate with James F. Carey. Boston: The Old Corner Book Store, Inc., 1903 44. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1YnAAAAYAAJ Mass meetings of protest against the suppression of truth about the Philippines], Faneuil hall, Thursday, March 19, 1903. 45. ^"Grasshopper Weather Vane on Faneuil Hall Is Stolen". New York Times. January 6, 1974. p. 54.
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