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词条 Farebox recovery ratio
释义

  1. Fare structures

  2. Farebox ratios around the world

  3. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}{{Update|date=August 2013|cat=Rail transport articles in need of updating}}

The farebox recovery ratio (also called fare recovery ratio, fare recovery rate or other terms) of a passenger transportation system is the fraction of operating expenses which are met by the fares paid by passengers. It is computed by dividing the system's total fare revenue by its total operating expenses.[1]

Fare structures

There are two schools of thought in fare collections: a simple, flat rate fare structure (pay a fixed fare regardless of time of day and/or travel distance) or a complex, variable rate fare structure (pay a variable fare depending on time of day and/or travel distance).

In North America, South America, Africa, and Oceania, the majority of the cities use simple, flat rate fare structures due to budgetary constraints. With the majority of North America, most of South America, almost all of Africa, and most of Oceania being heavily reliant on the automobile for both short- and long-distance travel, majority of the transit budgets are allocated toward construction and maintenance of freeways and roads, with very little funding making way to investments in new mass transit technologies. Inadvertently, however, the reliance on simpler fare structures due to their cheaper costs ends up increasing the tax burden on the agencies, as flat-rate fare structures have lower farebox recovery ratios, placing more pressure on the transit agencies to increase taxes, pursue higher fare hikes, or cut services to maintain the transit system.

In sharp contrast, the majority of the cities in Europe and Asia are heavily dependent on mass transit. Therefore, the majority of their transit budgets are used extensively on mass transit technologies, which enables these countries to install and maintain self-supporting and profitable variable pricing structures. Transit agencies that have instituted a more variable fare structure depending on distances or zones traveled have higher farebox ratios over those that rely on a flat-rate model.[2] In addition, recent urban transit scholars agree that variable pricing methods on public transit would actually be a profitable business which can alleviate many municipal agencies' budget problems.[3] For example, transit riders will be discouraged to travel longer distance due to increasing price as one travels further, reducing human congestion of mass transit riders who ride lengthier trips. On the other hand, an increased number of riders will opt to frequently use the transit system for multiple short and quick hop-on and hop-off trips as prices would be cheaper for shorter trips, which mass transit is better suited for. The downside however is that institution of variable-rate fares requires a high-value initial investment in fare ticketing technologies such as the use of contactless smart cards, turnstiles or fare gates, automated ticket machines, as well as the IT infrastructure in which the return on investment may take years depending on the expected transit ridership volumes.[4]

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Farebox ratios around the world

The farebox recovery ratio is the ratio of fare revenue to total transport expenses for a given system.[1] These two figures can be found in the financial statements of the operators. Oftentimes the operator runs multiple modes of transport (e.g. subway and bus), and there is no data for individual modes (segment analysis). In this case the operator is considered as one system, or a group of modes are collectively considered one system.

Fare revenue is not the same as "transport" or "operational" revenue, as there are often secondary sources of revenue such as lockers and paid restrooms. Fare revenue is a subset of transport revenue, which is in turn part of total revenue along with "non-transport" or "non-operational" revenue.

Total "transport" or "operational" expenses are a part of total expenses along with "non-transport" or "non-operational" expenses. Total transport expenses may include expansion projects if they are paid for by the operator.

Ratio of fares to operating costs for public transport systems (%)
Continent Country or Region SystemRatioFare systemFare rateYear
AsiaHong Kong Hong Kong MTR124%[5]Distance basedHK$3.5+ (cash)

HK$3.5+ (Octopus card)

2016
AsiaJapan Osaka (Hankyu Railway)123%Distance based¥150+1991[6]
AsiaJapan Osaka (OMTB)137%Distance based¥200+1991[6]
AsiaJapan JR East84%[7]Distance based2016
AsiaJapan Tokyo Metro119%[8]Distance based¥160+2016
AsiaJapan Tokyo Toei rail services74%[9]Distance based2015
AsiaPakistanLahore Metrobus37.2% [10]Flat ratePKR 202014
AsiaTaiwan Taipei Metro100%[11]Distance basedNT$20+ (cash)

NT$16+ (EasyCard or other cards)

2015
AsiaTaiwan Kaohsiung MRT83%[12]Distance basedNT$20+ (cash)

NT$17+ (iPASS or other cards)

2015
AsiaSingapore Singapore (SMRT)101%Distance basedSGD 1.10+ (cash)

SGD 0.77+ (EZ-Link Card)

2017[13]
AsiaChina Beijing Subway60%{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}Distance basedCNY 3.00+2012[14]
EuropeNetherlands Amsterdam (GVB)88%Distance based2018[15]
EuropeNetherlands Rotterdam (RET)80%Distance based2016[16]
EuropeGermany Berlin70%Zone basedEUR 2.60+2010[17]
EuropeBelgium Brussels35%2007[18]
EuropeDenmark Copenhagen52%Zone based1991[19]
EuropeUK London Underground107%Zone based2016[20]
EuropeSpain Metropolitan lines of Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC)93%Zone based2014[21]
EuropeSpain Madrid41%2007[18]
EuropeItaly Milan28%1991[19]
EuropeGermany Munich70%Zone based2010[22]
EuropeCzech Republic Prague (DPP)53%Flat rateCZK 24+2013[23]
EuropeFrance Paris (STIF)30%Zone based for passes
Distance based for tickets		€1.802014[24]
EuropeSweden Stockholm37%Zone basedSEK 44-88 (conductor)
SEK 25-50 (SL Access card)
Note: Tickets are not sold on buses.		2007[18]
EuropeItaly Rome36%2007[18]
EuropeAustria Vienna49%Flat rateEUR 2.002008[25]
EuropeFinland Helsinki49%[26]Zone based; each borough forms a zone. Boroughs with a small area are treated as being part of one of their neighbouring boroughs.EUR 2.80-7.00 (cash)
EUR 1.90–5.60 (travel card)
Transfer free of charge		2011
EuropeSwitzerland Zurich60%Zone basedCHF 4.30+2014[19]
North AmericaUS Amtrak95%Distance & demand based2017[27]
North AmericaCanada VIA Rail51%Distance & demand based2016[28]
North AmericaUS Atlanta (MARTA)30%Flat rate{{Currency|2.50|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaUS Austin (CMTA)11%Flat rate{{Currency|1|US}}.25center" |2016[$112016[29]
North AmericaUS Cleveland (GCRTA)18%Flat rate{{Currency|2.5|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaUS Dallas (DART)14%Flat rate{{Currency|2.50|US}}2016[34]
North AmericaUS Detroit (DDOT)20%Flat rate{{Currency|1.50|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaCanada Edmonton (ETS)39%Flat rateC$3.002007[35]
North AmericaUS Harrisburg, PA (CAT)17%Flat rate{{Currency|1.75|US}}2015[36]
North AmericaUS Las Vegas Monorail56%Flat rate{{Currency|5|US}}2016[37]
North AmericaUS Long Island (MTA)50%Zone based{{Currency|5|US}}+2012[38]
North AmericaUS Los Angeles (LACMTA)23%Flat rate{{Currency|1.75|US}}, with discounts for seniors, disabled, students2016[29]
North AmericaUS Maryland23%Variable{{Currency|1.60|US}}-{{Currency|11|US}}, depending on distance & modality2012[38]
North AmericaUS Miami-Dade Transit21%Flat rateUS$2.252016[29]
North AmericaUS Minneapolis - St. Paul25%Flat rate with rush hour and express surcharges{{Currency|2|US}} to {{Currency|3.25|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaCanada Mississauga (MiWay)46%Flat rateC$3.252011[39]
North AmericaCanada Montreal (STM)46%Flat rateC$3.252016[40]
North AmericaUS New York City MTA47%[41]Flat rate{{Currency|2.75|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaUSNew York City (NYC Ferry)29%Flat Rate{{Currency|2.75|US}}2017[42]
North AmericaUS New York/Connecticut (Metro-North)60%Distance based{{Currency|2.25|US}}+2016[29]
North AmericaUS New York/New Jersey (PATH)44%Flat rate{{Currency|2.75|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaUS New Jersey (NJT)45%Zone based on most Buses and all commuter trains
Flat Rate on some buses and all light rails		{{Currency|2.25|US}} (Hudson–Bergen Light Rail
{{Currency|1.60|US}} (Newark Light Rail and River line)
Fare varies on Trains and Buses		2016[29]
North AmericaUS Orlando (Lynx)24%Flat rate{{Currency|2|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaCanada Ottawa (OC Transpo)45%Flat rateC$3.65 (Cash)

C$3.30 (Tickets)

C$3.00 (Presto Card)

2014[43]
North AmericaUS Philadelphia (SEPTA)39%Flat rate{{Currency|2.5|US}} / {{Currency|1|US}} (Transfer)2016[29]
North AmericaUS Pierce County, WA30%Flat rate{{Currency|2|US}}2015[36]
North AmericaUS Philadelphia/New Jersey (PATCO)49%Distance based{{Currency|1.4|US}}+2015[36]
North AmericaUS Portland Metro Area (TriMet)30%Flat rate{{Currency|2.50|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaUS Greater Seattle Area (King County Metro)35%Zone and peak based{{Currency|2.50|US}}+[44]2016[45]
North AmericaUS Puget Sound Region (Sound Transit)42% Zone & distance based{{Currency|2.75|US}}+ (Bus)[46]{{Currency|2.25|US}}+ (Light Rail)[46]{{Currency|1.75|US}}+ (Commuter Rail)[46]2017[47]
North AmericaCanada Quebec City (RTC)39%Flat rateC$3.002011[39]
North AmericaUS San Antonio (VIA)12%Flat rate{{Currency|1.20|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaUS San Diego MTS39%Flat rate{{Currency|2.50|US}}2016[29]
North AmericaUS San Francisco Bay Area (BART)70%Distance based{{Currency|2.0|US}}+2017[37]
North AmericaUSOakland Airport Connector96%Flat rate{{Currency|6|US}}2015/2016[48]
North AmericaUS San Francisco Bay Area (Caltrain)63%Zone based{{Currency|3.75|US}}+2015[49]
North AmericaUS San Francisco Bay Area (SFMTA)35%Flat rate{{Currency|2.25|US}}2016[50]
North AmericaUS Santa Clara County (VTA)10%Express surcharges{{Currency|1.25|US}} to {{Currency|12|US}}2016[51]
North AmericaUS Southern California Regional Rail Authority41%Distance based{{Currency|2.50|US}} to {{Currency|27.50|US}}2017[52]
North AmericaUS Staten Island (MTA)15%Flat rate{{Currency|2.75|US}}2015[53]
North AmericaCanada Toronto (TTC)72.8%Flat rateC$3.00 (tokens/electronic fare card) $3.25 (cash)[54]2017[55]
North AmericaCanada Toronto, Hamilton and area (GO Transit)77%Distance basedC$5.30+2015/16[56]
North AmericaCanada Vancouver TransLink55.8%[57]Zone based; transition to distance based upcomingC$2.95+2017
North AmericaUS Washington, DC (WMATA)42%[88]Distance and time of day based{{Currency|2.00|US}}(Bus){{Currency|2.00|US}}+ (Off-peak Rail){{Currency|2.25|US}}+ (Peak Rail)2016[58]
North AmericaCanada Winnipeg60%Flat rateC$2.502011[39]
OceaniaNew Zealand Auckland44%Zone Based2012/13[59]
OceaniaAustralia Canberra21%Flat rateA$4.202007[60]
OceaniaAustralia Sydney27%Distance basedA$0.15 / km2014[61]
OceaniaAustralia Melbourne30%Zone and time basedFrom A$3.76 / hour / zone2014[62]
OceaniaNew Zealand Christchurch35%Zone Based2012/13[59]
OceaniaNew Zealand Dunedin60%Zone Based2015/16[59]
OceaniaNew Zealand Hamilton34%Flat rate2012/13[59]
OceaniaNew Zealand Wellington57%Zone Based2012/13[59]

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62. ^  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329095354/http://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/2014/files/is_059.pdf|date=29 March 2015}}
{{Public transport}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Farebox Recovery Ratio}}

3 : Public transport fare collection|Transport economics|Rail transport-related lists
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