“Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (17 April 1912 – 10 April 1999), popularly known as Thakazhi after his place of birth, was an Indian novelist and short story writer of Malayalam literature. He wrote over 30 novels and novellas and over 600 short stories focusing on the lives of the oppressed classes. Known for his works such as Kayar (Coir, 1978) and Chemmeen (Prawns, 1956), Pillai was a recipient of the Padma Bhushan, the third highest Indian civilian award. He was also a recipient of the Jnanpith, India's highest literary award, awarded in 1984 for the novel Kayar.

Biography

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai was born on April 17, 1912 in Thakazhi,^[1] a small village in Kuttanad in present-day Alappuzha district of Kerala to Poypallikalathil Sankara Kurup, who was the brother of Guru Kunchu Kurup, a doyen of Kathakali and Aripurathuveettil Parvathy Amma.^[2] After early tutoring by his father and Chakkampurathu Kittu Asan, a local teacher, Pillai had his primary education at a local school in Thakazhi and passed 7th standard examination from the English School in Ambalappuzha. Subsequently, he did his high school education, first at a high school in Vaikom and later at a school in Karuvatta, where he had the opportunity to study under Kainikkara Kumara Pillai, who was the headmaster of the school during that period. After passing 10th standard, he moved to Thiruvananthapuram and passed the pleader examination from the Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram.^[2] He started his career as a reporter at Kerala Kesari daily but moved to legal career by practising under a lawyer named P. Parameshwaran Pillai at the munsif court of Ambalappuzha. It was during this time, he was attracted by the communist movement and he participated in the functioning of the Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham (Writers' Cooperative Society). He presided Kerala Sahitya Akademi and was also associated with Sahitya Akademi as a member of its general council.^[2]

Pillai married Thekkemuri Chembakasseril Chirakkal Kamalakshy Ammai, affectionately called by him as Katha, in 1934 and the couple had one son and four daughters.^[3] He died on April 10, 1999, at the age of 86, survived by his wife, who died on June 1, 2011.^[4]

Literary career

Pillai, whose works would later earn him the moniker, Kerala Maupassant,^[5]^[6] started writing at an early age and his associations with Kainikkara Kumara Pillai during his school days and with Kesari Balakrishna Pillai during his Thiruvananthapuram days are known to have helped the aspiring writer in his career, it was the latter who introduced him to European literature.^[7] His first short story was Daridran (The Poor) which was published in 1929.^[8] After many short stories, he wrote Thyagathinu Prathiphalam (Fruits of sacrifice) in 1934 which primarily dealt with the social injustices prevalent during that time.^[3] This was the first of his 39 novels; he also published 21 anthologies composed of over 600 short stories, two plays and four memoirs.^[4]^[9]

Pillai's literary works are known to portray the society in Kerala in the mid-20th century. Thottiyude Makan (Scavenger's Son), a story about a scavenger who strives unsuccessfully to keep his son from continuing the family profession was published in 1947 and is known to be the first realistic novel in Malayalam literature.^[3] His political novel, Randidangazhi (Two Measures, 1948), projected the evils of the feudal system that prevailed in Kerala then, especially in Kuttanad. The film adaptation, directed and produced by P. Subramaniam from a screenplay by Thakazhi himself, received a certificate of merit at the National Film Awards in 1958.^[10]

In 1956, Pillai published his love epic Chemmeen (Prawns), which was a departure from his earlier line of realism and the novel received critical acclaim, becoming the first post-colonial Indian novel to be translated into English; the English translation was accepted into the Indian Series of UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.^[11] It told a tragic love story against the backdrop of a fishing village in Alappuzha. The novel and its film adaptation, also titled Chemmeen (1965), earned him national and international fame. Chemmeen was translated into 19 world languages and adapted into film in 15 countries. The film adaptation, directed by Ramu Kariat, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in 1965.^[12] His next notable work was Enippadikal (Rungs of the Ladder), published in 1964, which traces the careerism of an ambitious bureaucrat whose lust for power and position becomes his own undoing. The novel was adapted into a movie in 1973 by Thoppil Bhasi.^[13] Anubhavangal Paalichakal, another novel he published in 1966, was also made into a feature film by K. S. Sethumadhavan, in 1971, with Sathyan, Prem Nazir and Sheela in the lead roles.^[14]

Pillai wrote Kayar (Coir) in 1978, a long novel extending to over 1000 pages, covering the history of several generations in Kuttanad for over 200 years and is considered by many as his masterpiece, n spite of the popularity of Chemmeen.^[15] The novel deals with hundreds of characters over four generations, bringing back to life an axial period (1885–1971) during which feudalism, matriliny, and bonded labour gave way to conjugal life and to universal access to land ownership, and later, to decolonisation and the industrial revolution of the 1960s.^[8]

Pillai wrote his only play in 1946 titled Thottilla, which was a social drama; it was performed on many stages by Kerala People's Arts Club.^[16] He published four autobiographical books and two other works.^[17] Four of his short stories were the base of a film, Naalu Pennungal, made by Adoor Gopalakrishnan in 2007, which he termed as his homage to the writer.^[18]

Awards and honours

Pillai received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1957 for the love epic, Chemmeen.^[19] Kerala Sahitya Akademi selected Enippadikal for their annual award for novels in 1965.^[20] His Novel, Kayar was selected for the Vayalar Award in 1984,^[21] and he received the highest Indian literary award, Jnanpith Award in 1984^[22]^[23] and a year later, the Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.^[24] Sahitya Akademi elected him as a distinguished fellow in 1989;^[25] he had already been a distinguished fellow of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi by then.^[26] In 1994, the Government of Kerala awarded him Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, their highest literary honour.^[27] In 1996 he was conferred with an honorary doctorate (D.Litt) by Mahatma Gandhi University.^[28] India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp depicting his image in 2003, under the Jnanapith Award Winners series.^[29] Sahitya Akademi commissioned a documentary film on the life of Pillai to be made^[30] and M. T. Vasudevan Nair made Thakazhi, a documentary film of 57 minutes length, which was released a year before Pillai's death in 1998.^[31] The Government of Kerala acquired Sankaramanagala, the ancestral home of Pillai, in 2000^[32] and a museum, Thakazhi Memorial Museum was set up in 2001, honoring the writer's memory.^[33]

Bibliography

Novels

Short story anthologies

Autobiographies

Plays

Other works

Translations into other languages

Films

Critical studies on Thakazhi

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thakazhi-Sivasankara-Pillai |title=Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai - Indian writer |date=2019-02-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2019-02-03}}
2. ^¹²{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Thakazhi/Html/Thakazhigraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-02-03 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-03}}
3. ^¹²{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-thakazhi-sivasankara-pillai-1089714.html |title=Obituary: Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai |date=1999-04-26 |website=The Independent |language=en |access-date=2019-02-03}}
4. ^¹{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thakazhi-sivasankara-pillais-wife-passes-away/article2067928.ece |title=Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai's wife passes away |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2011-06-01 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-03}}
5. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.beaninspirer.com/thakazhi-sivasankara-pillai-the-great-indian-writer-who-brought-international-recognition-to-malayalam-literature/ |title=Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai – The Great Indian Writer Who Brought International Recognition to Malayalam Literature |last=BeAnInspirer |first=Team |date=2018-04-17 |website=Be An Inspirer |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-03}}
6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://mywordsnthoughts.com/myworld/all-about-kerala/thakazhi-also-known-as-keralas-maupassant/ |title=Thakazhi – Also Known as Kerala’s Maupassant |last=Sandy |date=2017-04-24 |website=My Words & Thoughts |language=en-US |access-date=2019-02-03}}
7. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/thakazhi_sivasankara_pillai-profile-2233-25.htm |title=Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai - Veethi profile |date=2019-02-03 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-02-03}}
8. ^¹{{Cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309142353/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1609/16091110.htm |title=The end of historiography? |date=2007-03-09 |website=web.archive.org |access-date=2019-02-03}}
9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Thakazhi/Html/ThakazhiBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-02-03 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-03}}
10. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Randidangazhi-1958/article15386426.ece |title=Randidangazhi 1958 |date=2008-08-02 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-03}}
11. ^{{Cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082219 |title=India: yesterday's heritage, tomorrow's hopes |date=1989 |website=UNESCO Digital Library |access-date=2019-02-03}}
12. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/11/22/stories/2010112250310400.htm| title = Chemmeen 1965| accessdate =| author = B. Vijayakumar| date = 22 November 2010| publisher = The Hindu}}
13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=498 | title=Enippadikal | publisher=Malayalachalachithram | date=2014 | accessdate=7 December 2014}}
14. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anubhavangal-palichakal-1971/article4683533.ece |title=Anubhavangal Palichakal (1971) |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=2013-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-03}}
15. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/Decolonising-the-land/article15402504.ece |title=Decolonising the land |date=2008-08-03 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-03}}
16. ^{{Cite web |url=https://kpacdrama.com/history |title=History |website=kpacdrama.com |access-date=2019-02-04}}
17. ^{{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/177060/14/14_bibliography.pdf |title=Bibliography |date=2019-02-04 |website=Shodhganga |access-date=2019-02-04}}
18. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Adoorrsquos-homage-to-Thakazhi/article14870958.ece |title=Adoor's homage to Thakazhi |date=2007-11-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-04}}
19. ^{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#MALAYALAM |title=Sahitya Akademi Award |date=2019-02-03 |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-03}}
20. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel |date=2019-02-03 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-03}}
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23. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19850831-novelist-thakazhi-sivasankara-pillai-gets-coveted-jnanpith-award-for-1984-801908-2014-01-04 |title=Novelist Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai gets coveted Jnanpith Award for 1984 |last=January 4 |first=Sreedhar Pillai |last2=August 31 |first2=2014 ISSUE DATE: |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=2019-02-03 |last3=March 25 |first3=1985UPDATED: |last4=Ist |first4=2014 13:28}}
24. ^{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | accessdate=21 July 2015}}
25. ^{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/fellows/sahitya_akademi_fellowship.jsp#Sahitya%2520Akademi%2520Fellows |title=Sahitya Akademi : Fellows and Honorary Fellows |date=2019-02-03 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=2019-02-03}}
26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonMembersPage-3.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship |date=2019-02-03 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-02-03}}
27. ^{{Cite web |url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |title=Ezhuthachan Award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618062155/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |archive-date=18 June 2012 |dead-url=yes |access-date=2 November 2012 |df=dmy}}
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29. ^{{Cite web |url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2003.aspx |title=Commemorative and definitive stamps |date=2019-02-03 |website=postagestamps.gov.in |access-date=2019-02-03}}
30. ^{{Cite web |url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9910093842902121 |title=Thakazhi |date=2010 |website=University of Wisconsin Libraries |access-date=2019-02-03}}
31. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/akademi-to-celebrate-thakazhi-centenary/article3399421.ece |title=Akademi to celebrate Thakazhi centenary |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2012-05-09 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-03}}
32. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |title=Thakazhi Memorial Museum in Alappuzha |date=2019-02-03 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-02-03}}
33. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.alappuzhaonline.com/Thakazhimuseum.htm |title=Thakazhi museum house of Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai |date=2019-02-03 |website=www.alappuzhaonline.com |access-date=2019-02-03}}