词条 | Felix Andries Vening Meinesz |
释义 |
|name = Felix Andries Vening Meinesz |image =Vening meinesz.jpg |caption =Vening Meinesz with his gravimeter |birth_date = 30 July 1887 |birth_place = The Hague |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1966|8|10|1887|7|30}} |death_place = Amersfoort |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = Dutch |ethnicity = |field = geophysicist geodesist |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = gravimeter |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = H. H. Hess |prizes = Howard N. Potts Medal(1936) Penrose Medal (1945) William Bowie Medal {{small|(1947)}} Alexander Agassiz Medal {{small|(1947)}} Vetlesen Prize {{small|(1962)}} Wollaston Medal {{small|(1963)}} |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }}Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (30 July 1887 in The Hague – 10 August 1966 in Amersfoort) was a Dutch geophysicist and geodesist. He is known for his invention of a precise method for measuring gravity. Thanks to his invention, it became possible to measure gravity at sea, which led him to the discovery of gravity anomalies above the ocean floor. He later attributed these anomalies to continental drift.[1] He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.[1] BiographyVening Meinesz's father, Sjoerd Anne Vening Meinesz, was mayor, first of Rotterdam, then of Amsterdam. He grew up in a protected environment. In 1910 he graduated in civil engineering in Delft. The same year he started working for the Dutch gravity survey. In 1915 he wrote his dissertation on the defects of the gravimeters used at that time. Vening Meinesz then designed a new gravimeter, which the KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute) built. The apparatus has two pendula of the same size hanging in a frame but moving in opposite phases. With mirrors and lightbeams the difference in amplitude of the two pendula is captured on a film. Vening Meinesz had discovered that horizontal accelerations (as by waves on a boat) had no influence on the difference in amplitude between the two pendula. The recorded difference then is the amplitude of a theoretical, undisturbed pendulum. Now it became possible to measure gravity more accurately. Vening Meinesz started with measuring gravity all over the Netherlands, for which a network of 51 monitoring stations was created. This became a success, which encouraged him to do measurements at sea. A perfected gravimeter, hanging in a 'swing', was designed. The experiment was successful. Now measuring gravity at sea had become possible.[2] Between 1923 and 1929 the tall (over 2 metres) Vening Meinesz embarked in small submarines for some uncomfortable expeditions.[3] His goal was to establish the exact shape of the geoid and the Earth. When his expedition with the submarine Hr. Ms. K XVIII was made into a movie in 1935, Vening Meinesz became a hero of the Dutch cinema public. Besides, his research was in the international scientific spotlight. In 1927 he became a part-time professor in geodesy, cartography and geophysics at Utrecht University, and in 1937 he became professor at the Delft University of Technology as well. He was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1936. In 1927 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[4] In World War II, Vening Meinesz was involved in the Dutch resistance. After the war he could take up his tasks as a professor again. From 1945 to 1951 he was the director of the KNMI. From 1948 to 1951, Vening Meinesz was President of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). He retired in 1957. Research and DiscoveriesThe vast amounts of data that his expeditions yielded were analyzed and discussed together with other leading Dutch Earth scientists of the time J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen, the results were published in 1948.[5] An important result was the discovery of elongated belts of negative gravity anomalies along the oceanic trenches. The mean gravity force appeared to be the same on land and at sea, which was in agreement with the principle of isostasy. Vening Meinesz was especially intrigued by the oceanic trenches. The coexisitence of active volcanism, large negative gravity anomalies and the sudden difference in terrain elevation could only be explained by assuming the Earth's crust was somehow pushed together at these places. As a geophysicist, he was prejudiced that the crust was too rigid to deform at that scale in such a way. His discoveries could be explained only with the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the '50s. Submarine ExpeditionsVening Meinesz measured the gravity field of the Earth with his pendulum apparatus onboard several submarines. The following expeditions are described in his publications, "Gravity Expeditions at Sea" Vol 1: 1923-1930 [6]
Vol II: 1923-1933 [7]
Vol III: 1934-1939 [8]
Vening Meinesz was not onboard during expeditions after 1939. His experiments were performed by his students. Vol V: 1948-1958 [9]
LegacyNamed after him are:
See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Bruins | first1 = G. J. | last2 = Scholte | first2 = J. G. J. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1967.0015 | title = Felix Andries Vening Meinesz 1887-1966 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 13 | pages = 294 | year = 1967 | pmid = | pmc = }} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Vening-Meinesz |first=F.A. |title=Theory and practice of pendulum observations at sea |url=http://www.ncgeo.nl/phocadownload/02VeningMeinesz.pdf |publisher=Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie 2 |place=Delft |pages=95 |isbn=978-90-6132-002-9 |year=1929 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082321/http://www.ncgeo.nl/phocadownload/02VeningMeinesz.pdf |archivedate=2014-04-21 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite book| last=Vening-Meinesz| first=F.A.| title=Gravity expeditions at sea 1923-1930. Vol. I. The expeditions, the computations and the results| url=http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/eng/publications/Green/03VeningMeinesz.html| pages=109| place=Delft| publisher=Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie 3| isbn=978-90-6132-003-6| year=1932| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200026/http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/eng/publications/Green/03VeningMeinesz.html| archivedate=2011-07-22| df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00003471 |title=Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (1887 - 1966) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |accessdate=17 July 2015}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Vening-Meinesz|first=F.A.|title=Gravity expeditions at sea 1923-1938. Vol. IV. Complete results with isostatic reduction, interpretation on the results|year=1948|publisher=Nederlandse Commissie voor Geodesie 9|place=Delft|isbn=978-90-6132-015-9|pages=233|url=http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/eng/publications/Green/09VeningMeinesz.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200050/http://www.ncg.knaw.nl/eng/publications/Green/09VeningMeinesz.html|archivedate=2011-07-22|df=}} 6. ^Vening Meinesz, F.A., Gravity Expeditions at Sea 1923-1930 (Vol. I), Drukkerij Waltman, Delft 7. ^Vening Meinesz, F.A., Gravity Expeditions at Sea 1923-1933 (Vol. II), Drukkerij Waltman, Delft 8. ^Vening Meinesz, F.A., Gravity Expeditions at Sea 1934-1939 (Vol. III), Drukkerij Waltman, Delft 9. ^Vening Meinesz, F.A., Gravity Expeditions 1948-1958 (Vol. V), Drukkerij Waltman, Delft Bibliography
External links
15 : 1887 births|1966 deaths|Dutch geologists|Geophysicists|Dutch scientists|Dutch inventors|Delft University of Technology faculty|Wollaston Medal winners|People from The Hague|Penrose Medal winners|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Delft University of Technology alumni|Howard N. Potts Medal recipients |
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