“Finsler manifold”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Finsler manifold

释义

Definition
Examples
Randers manifolds Smooth quasimetric spaces
Geodesics
Canonical spray structure on a Finsler manifold Uniqueness and minimizing properties of geodesics
Notes
References
External links

In mathematics, particularly differential geometry, a Finsler manifold is a differentiable manifold {{math|M}} where a (possibly asymmetric) Minkowski functional {{math|F(x,−)}} is provided on each tangent space {{math|T_xM}}, allowing to define the length of any smooth curve {{math|γ : [a,b] → M}} as

Finsler manifolds are more general than Riemannian manifolds since the tangent norms need not be induced by inner products.

Every Finsler manifold becomes an intrinsic quasimetric space when the distance between two points is defined as the infimum length of the curves that join them.

{{harvs|txt|authorlink=Élie Cartan|last=Cartan|first=Élie|year1=1933}} named Finsler manifolds after Paul Finsler, who studied this geometry in his dissertation {{harv|Finsler|1918}}.

Definition

A Finsler manifold is a differentiable manifold {{math|M}} together with a Finsler metric, which is a continuous nonnegative function {{math|F:TM→[0,+∞)}} defined on the tangent bundle so that for each point {{math|x}} of {{math|M}},

{{math|F(v + w) ≤ F(v) + F(w)}} for every two vectors {{math|v,w}} tangent to {{math|M}} at {{math|x}} (subadditivity).
{{math|F(λv) {{=}} λF(v)}} for all {{math|λ ≥ 0}} (but not necessarily for {{math|λ < 0)}} (positive homogeneity).
{{math|F(v) > 0}} unless {{math|v {{=}} 0}} (positive definiteness).

In other words, {{math|F(x,−)}} is an asymmetric norm on each tangent space {{math|T_xM}}. The Finsler metric {{math|F}} is also required to be smooth, more precisely:

{{math|F}} is smooth on the complement of the zero section of {{math|TM}}.

The subadditivity axiom may then be replaced by the following strong convexity condition:

For each tangent vector {{math|v ≠ 0}}, the hessian of {{math|F²}} at {{math|v}} is positive definite.

Here the hessian of {{math|F²}} at {{math|v}} is the symmetric bilinear form

also known as the fundamental tensor of {{math|F}} at {{math|v}}. Strong convexity of implies the subadditivity with a strict inequality if {{math|{{frac|u|F(u)}} ≠ {{frac|v|F(v)}}}}. If {{math|F}} is strongly convex, then it is a Minkowski norm on each tangent space.

A Finsler metric is reversible if, in addition,

{{math|F(−v) {{=}} F(v)}} for all tangent vectors v.

A reversible Finsler metric defines a norm (in the usual sense) on each tangent space.

Examples

Smooth submanifolds (including open subsets) of a normed vector space of finite dimension are Finsler manifolds if the norm of the vector space is smooth outside the origin.
Riemannian manifolds (but not pseudo-Riemannian manifolds) are special cases of Finsler manifolds.

Randers manifolds

Let (M,a) be a Riemannian manifold and b a differential one-form on M with

where is the inverse matrix of and the Einstein notation is used. Then

defines a Randers metric on M and (M,F) is a Randers manifold, a special case of a non-reversible Finsler manifold.^[1]

Smooth quasimetric spaces

Let (M,d) be a quasimetric so that M is also a differentiable manifold and d is compatible with the differential structure of M in the following sense:

Around any point z on M there exists a smooth chart (U, φ) of M and a constant C ≥ 1 such that for every x,y ∈ U

The function d : M × M →[0,∞] is smooth in some punctured neighborhood of the diagonal.

Then one can define a Finsler function F : TM →[0,∞] by

where γ is any curve in M with γ(0) = x and γ'(0) = v. The Finsler function F obtained in this way restricts to an asymmetric (typically non-Minkowski) norm on each tangent space of M. The induced intrinsic metric {{nowrap|d_L: M × M → [0, ∞]}} of the original quasimetric can be recovered from

and in fact any Finsler function F : TM → [0, ∞) defines an intrinsic quasimetric d_L on M by this formula.

Geodesics

Due to the homogeneity of F the length

of a differentiable curve γ:[a,b]→M in M is invariant under positively oriented reparametrizations. A constant speed curve γ is a geodesic of a Finsler manifold if its short enough segments γ|_[c,d] are length-minimizing in M from γ(c) to γ(d). Equivalently, γ is a geodesic if it is stationary for the energy functional

in the sense that its functional derivative vanishes among differentiable curves {{nowrap|γ:[a,b]→M}} with fixed endpoints γ(a)=x and γ(b)=y.

Canonical spray structure on a Finsler manifold

The Euler–Lagrange equation for the energy functional E[γ] reads in the local coordinates (x¹,...,xⁿ,v¹,...,vⁿ) of TM as

where k=1,...,n and g_ij is the coordinate representation of the fundamental tensor, defined as

Assuming the strong convexity of F²(x,v) with respect to v∈T_xM, the matrix g_ij(x,v) is invertible and its inverse is denoted by g^ij(x,v). Then {{nobreak|γ:[a,b]→M}} is a geodesic of (M,F) if and only if its tangent curve {{nobreak|γ':[a,b]→TM \\0}} is an integral curve of the smooth vector field H on TM \\0 locally defined by

where the local spray coefficients Gⁱ are given by

The vector field H on TM/0 satisfies JH = V and [V,H] = H, where J and V are the canonical endomorphism and the canonical vector field on TM \\0. Hence, by definition, H is a spray on M. The spray H defines a nonlinear connection on the fibre bundle {{nowrap|TM \\0 → M}} through the vertical projection

In analogy with the Riemannian case, there is a version

of the Jacobi equation for a general spray structure (M,H) in terms of the Ehresmann curvature and

nonlinear covariant derivative.

Uniqueness and minimizing properties of geodesics

By Hopf–Rinow theorem there always exist length minimizing curves (at least in small enough neighborhoods) on (M, F). Length minimizing curves can always be positively reparametrized to be geodesics, and any geodesic must satisfy the Euler–Lagrange equation for E[γ]. Assuming the strong convexity of F² there exists a unique maximal geodesic γ with γ(0) = x and γ'(0) = v for any (x, v) ∈ TM \\ 0 by the uniqueness of integral curves.

If F² is strongly convex, geodesics γ : [0, b] → M are length-minimizing among nearby curves until the first point γ(s) conjugate to γ(0) along γ, and for t > s there always exist shorter curves from γ(0) to γ(t) near γ, as in the Riemannian case.

Notes

1. ^{{cite journal |first=G. |last=Randers |year=1941 |title=On an Asymmetrical Metric in the Four-Space of General Relativity |journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=195–199 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.59.195 }}

References

{{Citation | editor1-last=Antonelli | editor1-first=P. L. | title=Handbook of Finsler geometry. Vol. 1, 2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2B5_IUvPJgC | publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers | location=Boston | isbn=978-1-4020-1557-1 | mr=2067663 | year=2003}}
D. Bao, S. S. Chern and Z. Shen, An Introduction to Riemann–Finsler Geometry, Springer-Verlag, 2000. {{ISBN|0-387-98948-X}}.
{{Citation | last1=Cartan | first1=Elie | author1-link=Élie Cartan | title=Sur les espaces de Finsler | zbl=0006.22501 | year=1933 | journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris | volume=196 | pages=582–586}}
S. Chern: Finsler geometry is just Riemannian geometry without the quadratic restriction, Notices AMS, 43 (1996), pp. 959–63.
{{Citation | last1=Finsler | first1=Paul | title=Über Kurven und Flächen in allgemeinen Räumen | publisher=Göttingen | series=Dissertation | jfm=46.1131.02 | year=1918}} (Reprinted by Birkhäuser (1951))
H. Rund. The Differential Geometry of Finsler Spaces, Springer-Verlag, 1959. ASIN B0006AWABG.
Z. Shen, Lectures on Finsler Geometry, World Scientific Publishers, 2001. {{ISBN|981-02-4531-9}}.

External links

{{springer|title=Finsler space, generalized|id=p/f040420}}
The (New) Finsler Newsletter

2 : Finsler geometry|Smooth manifolds

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