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词条 Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
释义

  1. Ancient times

  2. Medieval times

  3. 1500–1700 (Early Modern)

  4. 1701–1799 (Late Modern)

  5. 1800–1829

  6. 1830–1849

  7. 1850–1899

  8. 1900–1949

  9. 1950–present

  10. See also

  11. References

  12. Further reading

  13. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}{{slavery}}

The abolition of slavery occurred at different times in different countries. It frequently occurred sequentially in more than one stage – for example, as abolition of the trade in slaves in a specific country, and then as abolition of slavery throughout empires. Each step was usually the result of a separate law or action. This timeline shows abolition laws or actions listed chronologically. It also covers the abolition of serfdom.

Although slavery is still abolished de jure in all countries, some practices akin to it continue today in many places throughout the world.

{{Main|Abolitionism}}

Ancient times

{{main|Slavery in the ancient world}}
Date Jurisdiction Description
Early sixth century BC Polis of AthensThe Athenian lawgiver Solon abolishes debt slavery and frees all Athenian citizens who had formerly been enslaved.[1][2]
326 BC Roman RepublicLex Poetelia Papiria abolishes debt bondage.
3rd century BC Maurya Empire Ashoka abolishes the slave trade and encourages people to treat slaves well in the Maurya Empire, covering the majority of India, which was under his rule.[3]
221–206 BC Qin Dynasty Measures to eliminate the landowning aristocracy include the abolition of slavery and the establishment of a free peasantry who owed taxes and labor to the state. They also discouraged serfdom.[4] The dynasty was overthrown in 206 BC and many of its laws were overturned.
9–12 AD Xin Dynasty Wang Mang, first and only emperor of the Xin Dynasty, usurped the Chinese throne and instituted a series of sweeping reforms, including the abolition of slavery and radical land reform from 9–12 A.D.[5][6]

Medieval times

{{main|Slavery in medieval Europe}}

N.B.: Many of the listed reforms were reversed over succeeding centuries.

Date Jurisdiction Description
~500 Ireland Slavery (or at least slave trading) ends for a time in Ireland,[7] but resumes by the ninth century.[8]
590–604 Rome}} Pope Gregory I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves.[9]
7th century Francia Queen Balthild, a former slave, and the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône (644–655) condemn the enslavement of Christians. Balthild purchases slaves, mostly Saxon, and manumits them.[10]
741–752 Rome}} Pope Zachary bans the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, purchases all slaves acquired in the city by Venetian traders, and sets them free.
840 Carolingian Empire
Venice 		Pactum Lotharii: Venice pledges to neither buy Christian slaves in the Empire, nor sell them to Muslims. Venetian slavers switch to trading Slavs from the East.
873 Christendom Pope John VIII commands under penalty of sin that all Christians who hold other Christians as slaves must set them free.[11]
922 West Francia The Council of Koblenz equates the enslavement and sale of a Christian with homicide.[12]
960 Venice Slave trade banned in the city under the rule of Doge Pietro IV Candiano.
1080 Normandy
England 		William the Conqueror prohibits the sale of any person to "heathens" (non-Christians) as slaves.
1100 Normandy Serfdom no longer present.[13]
1102 Norman England The Council of London bans the slave trade.[12]
1117 Iceland Slavery abolished.[14]
1120 Jerusalem The Council of Nablus decrees that a man who rapes his own slave should be castrated, and that a man who rapes a slave belonging to another should be castrated and exiled.
c. 1160 Norway date=July 2018}}
1171 Ireland All English slaves in the island freed by the Council of Armagh.[12]
1198 France Trinitarian Order founded with the purpose of redeeming war captives.
1214 Korčula The Statute of the Town abolishes slavery.[15]
1218 Catalonia}} Crown of Aragon Mercedarians founded in Barcelona with the purpose of ransoming poor Christians enslaved by Muslims.
~1220 Holy Roman Empire The Sachsenspiegel, the most influential German code of law from the Middle Ages, condemns slavery as a violation of man's likeness to God.[16]
1245 Catalonia}} Crown of Aragon James I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves, but allows them to own Muslims and Pagans.[17]
1256 Bologna}} Liber Paradisus promulgated. Slavery and serfdom abolished, all serfs in the commune are released.
1274 Norway Landslov (Land's Law) mentions only former slaves, implying that slavery was abolished in Norway.
1315 France Louis X publishes a decree abolishing slavery and proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on French ground should be freed.[18] However some limited cases of slavery continued until the 17th century in some of France's Mediterranean harbours in Provence, as well as until the 18th century in some of France's overseas territories.[21] Most aspects of serfdom are also eliminated de facto between 1315 and 1318.[19]
1335 Sweden Slavery abolished (including Sweden's territory in Finland). However, slaves are not banned entry into the country until 1813.[20] In the 18th and 19th Centuries, slavery will be practiced in the Swedish-ruled Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy.
1347 Poland The Statutes of Casimir the Great issued in Wiślica emancipate all non-free people.[21]
1368 Ming Dynasty The Hongwu Emperor abolishes all forms of slavery,[5] but it continues across China. Later rulers, as a way of limiting slavery in the absence of a prohibition, pass a decree that limits the number of slaves per household and extracts a severe tax from slave owners.[26]
1416 Ragusa}} Slavery and slave trade abolished.
1435 Canary Islands Pope Eugene IV's Sicut Dudum bans enslavement of Christians in the Canary Islands on pain of excommunication.[22] However the non-Christian Guanches can still be enslaved.[21]
1477 Castile}} Isabella I bans slavery in newly conquered territories.[23]
1486 Catalonia}} Crown of Aragon Ferdinand II promulgates the Sentence of Guadalupe, abolishing Carolingian-remnant serfdom (remença) in Old Catalonia.
1490 Castile}} The slaves of one particular trader are released by a royal cedula.[23]
1493 Castile}} Queen Isabella bans the enslavement of Native Americans unless they are hostile or cannibalistic.[23] Native Americans are ruled to be subjects of the Crown. Columbus is preempted from selling Indian captives in Seville and those already sold are tracked, purchased from their buyers and released.

1500–1700 (Early Modern)

Date Jurisdiction Description
1503 Castile}} Native Americans allowed to travel to Spain only on their own free will.[24]
1512 Castile}} The Laws of Burgos establish limits to the treatment of natives in the Encomienda system.
1518 Spanish Empire}} Spain Decree of Charles V establishing the importation of African slaves to the Americas, under monopoly of Laurent de Gouvenot, in an attempt to discourage enslavement of Native Americans.
1528 Spanish Empire}} Spain Charles V forbids the transportation of Native Americans to Europe, even on their own will, in an effort to curtail their enslavement.
1530 Spanish Empire}} Spain Outright slavery of Native Americans under any circumstance is banned. However, forced labor under the Encomienda system continues.
1536 Spanish Empire}} Spain The Welser family is dispossessed of the Asiento monopoly (granted in 1528) following complaints about their treatment of Native American workers in Venezuela.
1537 New World Pope Paul III forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and any other population to be discovered, establishing their right to freedom and property (Sublimis Deus).[25]
1542 Spanish Empire}} Spain The New Laws ban slave raiding in the Americas and abolish the slavery of natives, but replace it with other systems of forced labor like the repartimiento. Slavery of Black Africans continues.[26] New limits are imposed to the Encomienda.
1549 Spanish Empire}} Spain Encomiendas banned from using forced labor.
1552 Spanish Empire}} Spain Bartolomé de las Casas, who had once defended the importation of African slaves as a way to protect Native Americans, also condemns African slavery.
1569 Kingdom of England}} An English court case involving Cartwright, who had brought a slave from Russia, is said—on the basis of a summary written more than a century later—to have ruled slavery illegal in England, but appears to have been more about the nature of legally acceptable punishment than slavery per se, and certainly did not soon become a recognized precedent for outlawing slavery as slaves continued to be bought and sold in Liverpool and London markets without legal hindrance into the 18th century. See the article "Slavery at common law".
1570 Portugal|1578}} King Sebastian of Portugal bans the enslavement of Native Americans under Portuguese rule, allowing only the enslavement of hostile ones. This law was highly influenced by the Society of Jesus, which had missionaries in direct contact with Brazilian tribes.
1574 Kingdom of England}} Last remaining serfs emancipated by Elizabeth I.[19]
1588 Lithuania The Third Statute of Lithuania abolishes slavery.[27]
1590 Japan|1870}} Toyotomi Hideyoshi bans slavery except as punishment for criminals.[28]
1595 Portugal|1578}} Trade of Chinese slaves banned.[29]
1609 Spanish Empire}} Spain The Moriscos, many of whom are serfs, are expelled from Peninsular Spain unless they become slaves voluntarily (known as moros cortados, "cut Moors").[30]
1624 Portugal|1578}} Enslavement of Chinese banned.[31][32]
1649 Russia The sale of Russian slaves to Muslims is banned.[33]
1679 Russia|1668}} Feodor III converts all Russian field slaves into serfs.[34][35]
1683 Spanish Empire}} Chile Slavery of Mapuche prisoners of war abolished.[36]
1687 Spanish Empire}} Florida Slaves fugitive from British colonies are granted freedom in return for conversion to Catholicism and four years of military service.

1701–1799 (Late Modern)

Date Jurisdiction Description
1703 Ottoman Empire The forced conversion and induction of Christian children into the army known as Devshirme or "Blood Tax", is abolished.
1706 Kingdom of England}} In Smith v. Browne & Cooper, Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England, rules that "as soon as a Negro comes into England, he becomes free. One may be a villein in England, but not a slave."[37][38]
1712 Spain|1701}} Moros cortados expelled.[39]
1715 North Carolina
South Carolina 		Indian slave trade in the American Southeast reduces with the outbreak of the Yamasee War.
1723 Russian Empire}} Peter the Great converts all house slaves into house serfs, effectively making slavery illegal in Russia.
1723–1730 Qing Dynasty The Yongzheng emancipation seeks to free all slaves to strengthen the autocratic ruler through a kind of social leveling that creates an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne. Although these new regulations freed the vast majority of slaves, wealthy families continued to use slave labor into the twentieth century.[40]
1732 Georgia Province established without black slavery in sharp contrast to neighboring Carolina. In 1738, James Oglethorpe warns against changing that policy, which would "occasion the misery of thousands in Africa."[41] Native American slavery is legal throughout, however, and black slavery is later introduced in 1749.
1738 Spain|1701}} Florida Fort Mosé, the first legal settlement of free blacks in what is today the United States, is established. Word of the settlement sparks the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina the following year.
1761 Portugal|1750}} The Marquis of Pombal bans the importation of slaves to metropolitan Portugal[42]
1766 Spain Muhammad III of Morocco purchases the freedom of all Muslim slaves in Seville, Cadiz and Barcelona.[43]
1772 Kingdom of Great Britain}} Somersett's case rules that no slave can be forcibly removed from Great Britain. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law in England and Wales, and emancipated the remaining ten to fourteen thousand slaves or possible slaves in England and Wales, who were mostly domestic servants.[44]
1773 Portugal|1750}} A new decree by the Marquis of Pombal, signed by the king Dom José, emancipates fourth-generation slaves[42] and every child of a slave mother born (the child) after the decree was published.[45]
1774East India CompanyGovernment of Bengal passed regulations 9, and 10 of 1774, prohibiting the trade in slaves without written deed, and the sale of anyone not already enslaved.[46]
1775 Pennsylvania}} Pennsylvania Abolition Society formed in Philadelphia, the first abolition society within the territory that is now the United States of America.
1775–1783 United States Atlantic slave trade banned or suspended during the American Revolutionary War. This was part of the 13 colonies overall policy of refusing to import anything from Britain, as an attempt to cut all economic ties with Britain during the war.[47]
1777Portugal|1750}} Madeira Slavery abolished.[48]
Vermont The Constitution of the Vermont Republic partially bans slavery,[48] freeing men over 21 and women older than 18 at the time of its passage.[49] The ban is not strongly enforced.[50][51]
1778 Kingdom of Great Britain|1542}} Joseph Knight successfully argues that Scots law cannot support the status of slavery.[52]
1780 Pennsylvania}} An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery passed, freeing future children of slaves. Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life. The Act becomes a model for other Northern states. Last slaves freed 1847.[53]
1783Russia}} Slavery abolished in the recently annexed Crimean Khanate.[54]
Massachusetts}} Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules slavery unconstitutional, a decision based on the 1780 Massachusetts constitution. All slaves are immediately freed.[55]
Habsburg Monarchy Joseph II abolishes slavery in Bukovina.[56]
New Hampshire}} Gradual abolition of slavery begins.
1784Connecticut}} Gradual abolition of slavery, freeing future children of slaves, and later all slaves.[57]
Rhode Island Gradual abolition of slavery begins.
1786 New South Wales A no slavery policy is adopted by governor-designate Arthur Phillip for the soon-to-be established colony.[58]
1787 United States The United States in Congress Assembled passes the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, outlawing any new slavery in the Northwest Territories.
Sierra Leone Founded by Great Britain as a colony for emancipated slaves.[59]
Kingdom of Great Britain}} Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Great Britain.[48]
1788Kingdom of Great Britain}} Sir William Dolben's Act regulating the conditions on British slave ships enacted.
Kingdom of France}} Abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks founded in Paris.
1789 Kingdom of France}} Last remaining seigneurial privileges over peasants abolished.[60]
1791 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Constitution of May 3, 1791 introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government; thus, it mitigated the worst abuses of serfdom.
1791 Kingdom of France|1790}} Emancipation of second-generation slaves in the colonies.[43]
1792 Denmark-Norway}} Transatlantic slave trade declared illegal after 1803, though slavery continues in Danish colonies to 1848.[61]
1793 Saint-Domingue Commissioner Leger-Felicite Sonthonax abolishes slavery in the northern part of the colony. His colleague Etienne Polverel does the same in the rest of the territory in October.
Upper Canada Importation of slaves banned by the Act Against Slavery.
1794French First Republic}} Slavery abolished in all French territories and possessions.[62]
United States The Slave Trade Act bans both American ships from participating in the slave trade and the export of slaves in foreign ships.[47]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Proclamation of Połaniec, issued during the Kościuszko Uprising, partially abolished serfdom in Poland, and granted substantial civil liberties to all peasants.
1798 French First Republic}} Occupied Malta Slavery banned in the islands after their capture by Napoleon.[63]
1799 New York Gradual emancipation act freeing the future children of slaves, and all slaves in 1827.[64]
Kingdom of Great Britain}} The Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799 ends the legal slavery of coal miners that had been established in 1606.[65]

1800–1829

{{gallery
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| File:Petition-slavery-1826.jpg|Illustration from the book: The Black Man's Lament, Or, How to Make Sugar by Amelia Opie. (London, 1826)
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Date Jurisdiction Description
1800 United States|1795}} American citizens banned from investment and employment in the international slave trade in an additional Slave Trade Act.
1802French First Republic}} Napoleon re-introduces slavery in sugarcane-growing colonies.[66]
United States|1795}} Ohio State constitution abolishes slavery.
1803 Denmark-Norway}} Abolition of transatlantic slave trade takes effect on January 1.
1804New Jersey}}All the Northern states abolished slavery; New Jersey in 1804 was the last to act. None of the Southern or border states abolished slavery before the American Civil War.[67]
Haiti|civil}} Haiti declares independence and abolishes slavery.[48]
1804–1813 Serbia Local slaves emancipated.
1805 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} A bill for abolition passes in House of Commons but is rejected in the House of Lords.
1806 United States|1795}} In a message to Congress, Thomas Jefferson calls for criminalizing the international slave trade, asking Congress to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights … which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe."
1807United States|1795}} International slave trade made a felony in Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves; this act takes effect on 1 January 1808, the earliest date permitted under the Constitution.[68]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} Abolition of the Slave Trade Act abolishes slave trading in British Empire. Captains fined £120 per slave transported. Patrols sent to the African coast to arrest slaving vessels. The West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) is established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations.[69]
Poland}} Warsaw Constitution abolishes serfdom.[85]
Prussia|1803}} The Stein-Hardenberg Reforms abolish serfdom.[70]
United States|1795}} Michigan Territory Judge Augustus Woodward denies the return of two slaves owned by a man in Windsor, Upper Canada. Woodward declares that any man "coming into this Territory is by law of the land a freeman."[71]
1808 United States|1795}} Importation and exportation of slaves made a crime.[72]
1810 New Spain Independence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla demands the abolition of slavery.
1811United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} Slave trading made a felony punishable by transportation for both British subjects and foreigners.
Spain|1785}} The Cádiz Cortes abolish the last remaining seigneurial rights.[43]
East India CompanyThe Company issued regulations 10 of 1811, prohibiting the transport of slaves into Company territory, adding to the 1774 restrictions.[46]
Chile|1812}} The First National Congress approves a proposal of Manuel de Salas that declares Freedom of Wombs, freeing the children of slaves born in Chilean territory, regardless of their parents' condition. The slave trade is banned and the slaves who stay for more than six months in Chilean territory are automatically declared freedmen.
1812 Spain|1785}} The Cádiz Constitution gives citizenship and equal rights to all residents in Spain and her territories, excluding slaves. Deputies José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer and Agustín Argüelles argue for the abolition of slavery unsuccessfully.[43]
1813 New Spain Independence leader José María Morelos y Pavón declares slavery abolished in the documents Sentimientos de la Nación.
La Plata Law of Wombs passed by the Assembly of Year XIII. Slaves born after 31 January 1813 will be granted freedom when they are married, or on their 16th birthday for women and 20th for men, and upon their manumission will be given land and tools to work it.[73]
1814 La Plata After the occupation of Montevideo, all slaves born in modern Uruguayan territory are declared free.
Netherlands}} Slave trade abolished.
1815Portugal|1750}} Slave trade banned north of the Equator in return for a £750,000 payment by Britain.[74]
Spain|1785}} Florida British withdrawing after the War of 1812 leave a fully armed fort in the hands of maroons, escaped slaves and their descendents, and their Seminole allies. Becomes known as Negro Fort.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Portugal|1750}}
Sweden-Norway
{{flagcountry|Bourbon Restoration}}
{{flagicon|AUT|empire}} Austria
{{flag|Russia}}
{{flag|Spain|1785}}
{{flag|Prussia|1803}}		 The Congress of Vienna declares its opposition to slavery.[75]
1816 Estonia Serfdom abolished.
Spain|1785}} Florida Negro Fort destroyed in the Battle of Negro Fort by U.S. forces under the command of General Andrew Jackson.
Ottoman Empire}} Algeria Algiers bombarded by the British and Dutch navies in an attempt to end North African piracy and slave raiding in the Mediterranean. 3,000 slaves freed.
1817 Courland Serfdom abolished.
Spain|1785}} Ferdinand VII signs a cedula banning the importation of slaves in Spanish possessions beginning in 1820,[43] in return for a £400,000 payment from Britain.[74] However, some slaves are still smuggled in after this date.
Venezuela Simon Bolivar calls for the abolition of slavery.[43]
New York 4 July 1827 set as date to free all ex-slaves from indenture.[76]
La Plata Constitution supports the abolition of slavery, but does not ban it.[43]
1818United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Spain|1785}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Portugal|1816}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
Bourbon Restoration}} Slave trade banned.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Netherlands}}		 Bilateral treaty taking additional measures to enforce the 1814 ban on slave trading.[77]
1819 Livonia Serfdom abolished.
United Kingdom}} Upper Canada Attorney-General John Robinson declares all black residents free.
Hawaii|1816}} The ancient Hawaiian kapu system is abolished during the ʻAi Noa, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the makaʻāinana (commoners).[78]
1820United States|1820}} The Compromise of 1820 bans slavery north of the 36º 30' line; the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy is amended to consider the maritime slave trade as piracy, making it punishable with death.
Indiana The supreme court orders almost all slaves in the state to be freed in Polly v. Lasselle.
Spain|1785}} The 1817 abolition of the slave trade takes effect.[79]
1821 Mexico The Plan of Iguala frees the slaves born in Mexico.[43]
United States|1820}}
{{flag|Spain|1785}}		 In accordance with Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Florida becomes a territory of the United States. A main reason was Spain's inability or unwillingness to capture and return escaped slaves.
Peru Abolition of slave trade and implementation of a plan to gradually end slavery.[43]
Gran Colombia}} Emancipation for sons and daughters born to slave mothers, program for compensated emancipation set.[80]
1822Haiti}} Haiti Jean Pierre Boyer annexes Spanish Haiti and abolishes slavery there.
United States|1822}} Liberia Founded by the American Colonization Society as a colony for emancipated slaves.
Greece Slavery abolished with independence.
1823Chile}} Slavery abolished.[48]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} The Anti-Slavery Society is founded.
1824Mexico|1823}} The new constitution effectively abolishes slavery.
Central America Slavery abolished.
1825 Uruguay Importation of slaves banned.
Haiti}} Haiti France, with warships at the ready, demanded Haiti compensate France for its loss of slaves and its slave colony
1827United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
Sweden-Norway		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
New York Last vestiges of slavery abolished. Children born between 1799 and 1827 are indentured until age 25 (females) or age 28 (males).[81]
1828 Illinois|1915}} In Phoebe v. Jay, the Illinois Supreme Court rules that indentured servants in Illinois cannot be treated as chattel and bequeathing them by will is illegal.[82]
1829 Mexico|1823}} Last slaves freed just as the first president of partial African ancestry (Vicente Guerrero) is elected.[48]

1830–1849

{{gallery
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| File:Julius Rubens Ames My Country Is The World 1847 Cornell CUL PJM 2051 02.jpg|An anti-slavery map with an unusual perspective centered on West Africa, which is in the light, and contrasting the U. S. and Europe in the dark. By Julius Rubens Ames, 1847
}}
Date Jurisdiction Description
1830 Coahuila y Tejas Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante attempts to implement the abolition of slavery. To circumvent the law, Anglo-Texans declare their slaves "indentured servants for life."[83]
1830Uruguay}} Slavery abolished.
Ottoman Empire}} Mahmud II issues a firman freeing all white slaves.
1831 Bolivia Slavery abolished.[48]
Empire of Brazil}} Brazil Law of 7 November 1831, abolishing the maritime slave trade, banning any importation of slaves, and granting freedom to slaves illegally imported into Brazil. The law was seldom enforced prior to 1850, when Brazil, under British pressure, adopted additional legislation to criminalize the importation of slaves.
1834United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire but on a gradual basis over the next six years.[84] Legally frees 700,000 in the West Indies, 20,000 in Mauritius, and 40,000 in South Africa. The exceptions are the territories controlled by the East India Company and Ceylon.[85]
July Monarchy}} French Society for the Abolition of Slavery founded in Paris.[86]
1835Serbia|civil}} Freedom granted to all slaves in the moment they step on Serb soil.[87]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flagcountry|July Monarchy}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Denmark}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
Peru|1825}} A decree of Felipe Santiago Salaverry re-legalizes the importation of slaves from other Latin American countries. The line "no slave shall enter Peru without becoming free" is taken out of the Constitution in 1839.[88]
1836Portugal|1830}} Prime Minister Sá da Bandeira bans the transatlantic slave trade and the importation and exportation of slaves from, or to the Portuguese colonies south of the equator.
Texas Slavery made legal again with independence.
1837 Spain|1785}} Slavery abolished outside of the colonies.[43]
1838 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} All slaves in the colonies become free after a period of forced apprenticeship following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
1839United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (today known as Anti-Slavery International) replaces the Anti-Slavery Society.
East India Company The Indian indenture system is abolished in territories controlled by the Company, but this is reversed in 1842.
Papal States}} Catholic Church Pope Gregory XVI's In supremo apostolatus resoundingly condemns slavery and the slave trade.
1840United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Venezuela|1836}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} First World Anti-Slavery Convention meets in London.
1841United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flagcountry|July Monarchy}}
{{flag|Russia}}
{{flag|Prussia|1803}}
{{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} Austria		 Quintuple Treaty agreeing to suppress the slave trade.[48]
United States|1837}} United States v. The Amistad finds that the slaves of La Amistad were illegally enslaved and were legally allowed, as free men, to fight their captors by any means necessary.
1842United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Portugal|1830}}		 Bilateral treaty extending the enforcement of the slave trade ban to Portuguese ships south of the Equator.
Paraguay|1842}} Law for the gradual abolition of slavery passed.[43]
1843 East India Company The Indian Slavery Act, 1843, Act V abolishes slavery in territories controlled by the Company.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Uruguay}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Mexico|1824}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Chile}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
Bolivia		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
1844Moldavia}} {{Mihail Sturdza}} abolishes slavery in Moldavia.
1845United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} 36 Royal Navy ships assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world.
Illinois In Jarrot v. Jarrot, the Illinois Supreme Court frees the last indentured ex-slaves in the state who were born after the Northwest Ordinance.[82]
1846 Tunisia}}date=September 2018}}, but this is later reversed by his successor, Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn.{{failed verification|date=September 2018}}[89]
1847Ottoman Empire}} Slave trade from Africa abolished.[90]
Saint Barthélemy Last slaves freed.[91]
Pennsylvania}} The last indentured ex-slaves, born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in the 1840 census[92]) are freed.
1848Austrian Empire}} Austria Serfdom abolished.[93][94][95]
French Second Republic}} Slavery abolished in the colonies. Gabon is founded as a settlement for emancipated slaves.
Denmark}} Danish West Indies Slavery abolished.[48][91]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flagicon|Muscat}} Muscat and Oman		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
1849United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|Trucial States}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
Maryland Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Dorchester County.
United Kingdom}} Sierra Leone The Royal Navy destroys the slave factory of Lomboko.

1850–1899

{{gallery
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| File:Gordon, scourged back, NPG, 1863.jpg|Medical examination photo of Gordon showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery
}}
Date Jurisdiction Description
1850United States|1848}} The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 requires the return of escaped slaves to their owners regardless of the state they are in.
Empire of Brazil}} Brazil Eusébio de Queiróz Act (Law 581 of 4 September 1850) criminalizing the maritime slave trade as piracy, and imposing other criminal sanctions on the importation of slaves (already banned in 1831).
1851Empire of Brazil}} Brazil{{flag|Uruguay}}Bilateral treaty of October 12, Uruguay accepts returning to Brazil the escaped slaves from that country.
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Slavery abolished along with opium, gambling, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy, prostitution and foot binding.[96][97][98]
New Granada Slavery abolished.[80]
Ecuador|1845}} Slavery abolished.[99]
Lagos Reduction of Lagos: The British attack the city and replace King Kosoko with Akitoye because of the former's refusal to ban the slave trade.
1852Hawaii}} Hawaii 1852 Constitution made slavery official declared illegal.[100]
United Kingdom}}
Lagos		 Bilateral treaty banning the slave trade and human sacrifice.
1853 Argentine Confederation}} Argentina Slavery abolished.[101]
1854Peru|1825}} Slavery abolished.[48]
Venezuela|1836}} Slavery abolished.[48][80]
Ottoman Empire}}date=July 2018}}
1855 Moldavia}} Slavery abolished.
1856 Wallachia}} Slavery abolished.
1857United States|1851}} Dred Scott v. Sanford rules that black slaves and their descendants cannot gain American citizenship and that slaves are not entitled to freedom even if they live in a free state for years.
Egypt date=July 2018}}
1858 Ottoman Empire}}date=July 2018}}
1859 Atlantic Ocean Definitive suppression of the transatlantic slave trade.
United States|1859}} The Wyandotte Constitution establishes the future state of Kansas as a free state, after four years of armed conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the territory. Southern dominance in the Senate of the United States delays the admission of Kansas as a state until 1861.
Russia}}[102]{{better source>date=July 2018}}
1860United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} British Raj Indian indenture system abolished.
United States|1859}} Last slave ship to unload illegally on U.S. territory, the Clotilda.
1861Russia}} The Emancipation reform of 1861 abolishes serfdom.[103]
United States|1861}} The election of Abraham Lincoln leads to the attempted secession of several slaveholding states and the American Civil War.
1862United States|1861}}
{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}		 Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade (African Slave Trade Treaty Act).[77]
Spain|1785}} Cuba Slave trade abolished.[48]
United States|1861}} Nathaniel Gordon becomes the only person hanged in U.S. history "for being engaged in the slave trade".
1863Netherlands}} Slavery abolished in the colonies, emancipating 33,000 slaves in Surinam, 12,000 in the Dutch Antilles,[104] and an indeterminate number in Indonesia.
United States|1863}} Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in Confederate-controlled areas. Most slaves in "border states" are freed by state action, and a separate law frees the slaves in Washington, D.C.
1864 Poland Serfdom abolished.[105]
1865United States|1865}} Slavery abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, excluding convicted criminals. It affects 40,000 remaining slaves.[106]
Spain|1785}} Spanish Abolitionist Society founded in Madrid by Julio Vizcarrondo, José Julián Acosta and Joaquín Sanromá.[43]
1866 United States|1865}} Indian Territory Slavery abolished.[107] The United States government treaties with the Cherokee Nation, Choctaw Nation, Chickasaw Nation, Muscogee Nation and Seminole Nation required all 5 nations abolish slavery for their governments to be recognized by the Union government post 1865.
1867Spain|1785}} Law of Repression and Punishment of the Slave Trade.[43]
United States|1865}} Peonage Act of 1867, mostly targeting use of Native American peons in New Mexico Territory. Slavery among natives tribes in Alaska was abolished after the purchase from Russia in 1867.[108]
1868 Spain|1785}} Cuba Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and other independence leaders free their slaves and proclaim the independence of Cuba, starting the Ten Years War.
1869 Portugal|1830}} Louis I abolishes slavery in all Portuguese territories and colonies.
1870 Spain|1785}} Amidst great opposition from the Cuban and Puerto Rican planters, Segismundo Moret drafts a "Law of Free Wombs" that frees the children of slaves, the slaves older than 65 years and the slaves serving in the Spanish Army, beginning in 1872.[43]
1871Empire of Brazil}} Brazil Rio Branco Law (Law of Free Birth) makes the children born to slave mothers free.[109]
Ottoman Empire}}date=July 2018}}
1873 Puerto Rico Slavery abolished.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
Zanzibar
Madagascar		 Triple treaty abolishing the slave trade.[77]
1874 Gold Coast}} Slavery abolished.[110]
1879 Bulgaria}} Bulgaria Slavery abolished with independence. The Constitution states that any slave that enters Bulgarian territory is immediately freed.
1882 Ottoman Empire}} A firman emancipates all slaves, white and black.[111]
1884 Cambodia|1863}} Slavery abolished.
1885 Empire of Brazil}} Brazil Sexagenarians Law (a.k.a. Saraiva-Cotegipe Act) passed, freeing all slaves over the age of 60 and creating other measures for the gradual abolition of slavery, such as a Manumissions Fund administered by the State.
1886 Spain|1785}} Cuba Slavery abolished.[48]
1888 Empire of Brazil}} Brazil Golden Law decreeing the total abolition of slavery with immediate effect, without indemnities to slave owners, but the financial aid to the freedmen planned by the monarchy never takes place due to a military coup that establishes a Republic in the country.[112]
1889 Kingdom of Italy}} Italy An Italian court finds that Josephine Bakhita was never legally enslaved according to Italian, British or Egyptian law and is a free woman.
1890 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
{{flag|France}}
{{flagicon|Germany|empire}} Germany
{{flag|Portugal|1830}}
{{flagicon|Congo Free State}} Congo
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} Italy
{{flag|Spain|1785}}
{{flag|Netherlands}}
{{flag|Belgium}}
{{flag|Russia}}
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
Sweden-Norway
{{flag|Denmark}}
{{flag|United States|1890}}
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
Zanzibar
Persia		 Brussels Conference Act – a collection of anti-slavery measures to put an end to the slave trade on land and sea, especially in the Congo Basin, the Ottoman Empire, and the East African coast.
1894 Korean Empire}} Korea Slavery abolished, but it survives in practice until 1930.[113]
1895 Egypt Slavery abolished.[114]
1896 Madagascar Slavery abolished.
1897 Zanzibar Slavery abolished.[115]
Thailand|1855}} Siam Slave trade abolished.[116]
Ottoman Empire}} Bassoradate=July 2018}}
1899 France}} Ndzuwani Slavery abolished.

1900–1949

Date Jurisdiction Description
1900 USA}} Guam Slavery abolished February 22, 1900, by proclamation of Richard P. Leary.[117]
1902 Ethiopian Empire}} Ethiopiadate=August 2016}}
1903 French Sudan}} "Slave" no longer used as an administrative category.
1904 United Kingdom}}
{{flag|Germany|empire}}
{{flag|Denmark}}
{{flag|Spain|1785}}
{{flag|France}}
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} Italy
{{flag|Netherlands}}
{{flag|Portugal|1830}}
{{flag|Russia}}		 International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic signed in Paris. Only France, the Netherlands and Russia extend the treaty to the whole extent of their colonial empires with immediate effect, and Italy extends it to Eritrea but not to Italian Somaliland.[118]
1905 French West Africa}} Slavery formally abolished. Though up to one million slaves gain their freedom, slavery continues to exist in practice for decades afterward.
1906 Qing Dynasty}} Slavery abolished beginning in 31 January 1910. Adult slaves are converted into hired laborers and the minors freed upon reaching age 25.[119]
1908 Ottoman Empire}}[120]{{better source>date=July 2018}}
1912 Thailand|1855}} Siam Slavery abolished.[116]
1922 Morocco}} Slavery abolished.[121]
1923Afghanistan|1919}} Slavery abolished.[122]
Florida}} Convict lease abolished after the death of Martin Tabert, who was whipped for being too ill to work.
1924Kingdom of Iraq}} Iraqdate=August 2016}}
League of Nations}} Temporary Slavery Commission appointed.
1926Nepal|old}}date=August 2016}}
League of Nations}} Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery.
1927Spain|1785}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
United Kingdom}}
{{flagicon|Nejd}} Nejd
Hejaz		 Treaty of Jeddah (1927) abolishing the slave trade.
1928 Sierra Leone [123] Although established as a place for freed slaves, a study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.{{citation needed>date=August 2016}}
Alabama}} Convict lease abolished, the last state in the Union to do so.
1929 Persia Slavery abolished and criminalized.[124]
1930 League of Nations}} Forced Labour Convention.
1935Ethiopian Empire}} Ethiopia The invading Italian General Emilio De Bono claims to have abolished slavery in the Ethiopian Empire.[125]
United States|1912}} Cudjoe Lewis, the last survivor of the Clotilda and last surviving African slave imported to the United States, dies in Mobile, Alabama.
1936 Northern Nigeria Slavery abolished.[126]
1941 United States|1912}} Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Circular 3591 abolishing all forms of convict leasing.
1946 Occupied Germany date=August 2016}}[127]
French Sudan}} Beginning of large slave defections encouraged by the French Fourth Republic and the Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally party.
1948 United Nations}} Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares slavery contrary to human rights.[128]

1950–present

Date Jurisdiction Description
1952 Qatar|1949}} Slavery abolished.[129]
1953 Australia}}
{{flag|Canada|1921}}
{{flag|Liberia}}
{{flag|New Zealand}}
{{flag|South Africa|1928}}
{{flag|Switzerland}}
{{flag|United Kingdom}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1954 Afghanistan|1930}}
{{flag|Austria}}
{{flag|Cuba}}
{{flag|Denmark}}
{{flag|Egypt|1952}}
{{flag|Finland}}
{{flag|India}}
{{flag|Italy}}
{{flag|Mexico}}
{{flag|Monaco}}
{{flag|Sweden}}
{{flag|Syria|1932}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1955 Ecuador}}
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} Greece
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Iraq}} Iraq
{{flag|Israel}}
{{flag|Netherlands}}
{{flag|Pakistan}}
{{flag|Philippines}}
{{flag|Republic of China}}
{{flag|Turkey}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1956United Nations}} Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery.
Byelorussian SSR}} Byelorussia[130]
{{flag|Soviet Union}}
{{flagicon|United States|1912}} United States
{{flag|South Vietnam}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1957United Nations}} The Abolition of Forced Labour Convention eliminates some exceptions admitted in the 1930 Forced Labour Convention.
Albania|1946}}
{{flag|Libya}}
{{flag|Myanmar|1948}}
{{flag|Norway}}
{{flag|Romania|1952}}
{{flag|Sudan|1956}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1958Bhutan}}date=August 2016}}
Hungary}}
{{flag|Ceylon|1951}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1959 Jordan}}
{{flag|Morocco}}
{{flagicon|Ukrainian SSR}} Ukraine[131]		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1960Niger}} Slavery abolished.[132]
Mali|1959}} First president Modibo Keita makes the effective abolition of slavery a prominent goal of the government. However, his efforts are largely abandoned during the dictatorship of Moussa Traoré (1968–1991).
1961 Ireland}}
{{flag|Nigeria}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1962Saudi Arabia|1938}} Slavery abolished.[133]
North Yemen}} Slavery abolished.[129]
Belgium}}
{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
{{flag|Tanganyika}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1963 Algeria}}
{{flag|France}}
{{flag|Guinea}}
{{flag|Kuwait}}
{{flag|Nepal}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1964Trucial States}}date=August 2016}}
Jamaica}}
{{flag|Madagascar}}
{{flag|Niger}}
{{flag|Uganda}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1965 Malawi}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1966 Brazil}}
{{flag|Malta}}
{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{flag|Tunisia}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1968 Mongolia|1945}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1969 Ethiopian Empire}} Ethiopia
{{flag|Mauritius}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1970 Oman|1970}} Slavery abolished.[134]
1972 Fiji}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1973 West Germany}}
{{flag|Mali}}
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
{{flag|Zambia}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1974 Lesotho|1966}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1976 Bahamas}}
{{flag|Barbados}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1981Mauritania|1959}} Slavery abolished.[135][136][137]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|1979}}
{{flag|Solomon Islands}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1982 Papua New Guinea}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1983 Bolivia}}
{{flag|Guatemala}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1984 Cameroon}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1985 Bangladesh}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1986 Cyprus|1960}}
{{flag|Mauritania|1959}}
{{flag|Nicaragua}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1987 North Yemen}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1990 Bahrain|1972}}
{{flag|Saint Lucia}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1992 Croatia}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1993 Bosnia and Herzegovina|1992}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1994 Dominica}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1995 Chile}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1996 Azerbaijan}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1997 Kyrgyzstan}}
{{flag|Turkmenistan}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1998 Ghana}} Forced ritual servitude of girls in Ewe shrines banned.
2001 Serbia and Montenegro}}
{{flag|Uruguay}}		 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
2003 Niger}} Slavery criminalized.[132]
2006Montenegro}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
Mali}} Temedt, an organization against slavery and the discrimination of former slaves, is founded in Essakane.
2007Mauritania|1959}} Slavery criminalized.[138]
Paraguay}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
2008 Kazakhstan}} 1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
2009 United Kingdom}} Section 71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.[139]
2015 United Kingdom}} Modern Slavery Act 2015.[140]
2017 Navajo Nation Criminalization of Human trafficking[141]
2018 Colorado}} Abolition of prison slavery[142]
Present Worldwide Although slavery is now abolished de jure in all countries,[143][144] de facto practices akin to it continue today in many places throughout the world.[145][146][147][148]

See also

  • Abolitionism
  • History of slavery
  • List of abolitionist forerunners (by Thomas Clarkson)
  • Reparations for slavery
  • Slave Trade Acts
  • Sexual slavery
  • Slavery at common law
  • Slavery in modern Africa
  • Timeline of the civil rights movement

References

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4. ^It was replaced by forced labour to citizens (e.g. Great Wall and other big public working projects){{Cite book| publisher = Cengage Learning| isbn = 9780618992386| title = The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History| year = 2009| page = 165| quote = }}
5. ^1 {{Cite book| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 9780313331435| title = Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition| year = 2011| page = 155| quote = }}
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28. ^Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0YIbNlliRswC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=hideyoshi+slavery&source=web&ots=9P9o262Fpo&sig=TKN79q0hnoLMEP8UbZk2fdmq00I&hl=en#PPA31,M1 Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan, pp. 31]–32.
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33. ^KIZILOV, MIKHAIL (2007). Journal of Early Modern History. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. 11: 16
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35. ^Hellie, Richard (2009). "Slavery and serfdom in Russia". In Gleason, Abbott. A Companion to Russian History. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. 10. John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. {{ISBN|9781444308426}}. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
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37. ^Catterall, Helen Tunnicliff. Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, Vol. I: Cases from the Courts of England, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926. accessed 2 October 2013.
38. ^V.C.D. Mtubani, African Slaves and English Law, PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies Vol 3 No 2 Nov 1983 retrieved 24 February 2011
39. ^Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vicent, Bernard (1993) [1979]. Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 265
40. ^1 {{Cite book| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 9780313331435| title = Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition| location =| year = 2011| url = | page = 156| quote = }}
41. ^Wilson, Thomas D., The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012. p. 130.
42. ^1 Blackburn, Robin (1988) The overthrow of colonial slavery, 1776–1848. Verso, 560 pages.
43. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf
44. ^Heward, Edmund (1979). Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years. p. 141. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd. {{ISBN|0-85992-163-8}}
45. ^Both decrees are published in a 1971 article by Oliveira e Costa
46. ^1 {{cite book|author=Andrea Major|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qq-GuJKf35wC&pg=PA16|year=2012|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-758-3|pages=52-55}}
47. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://abolition.nypl.org/print/us_constitution/ | title=The Abolition of The Slave Trade | publisher=New York Public Library | date=2007 | accessdate=25 June 2014 | author=Finkelman, Paul}}
48. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 1995. Pages 33–34.
49. ^{{cite web|title=Constitution of Vermont (1777)|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx#ChapterI|publisher=State of Vermont|accessdate=7 June 2014|location=Chapter I, Article I|year=1777}}
50. ^{{cite web|last=Lee Ann|first=Cox|title=UVM historian examines Vermont’s mixed history of slavery and abolition|url=https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom}}
51. ^Harvey Amani Whitfield, The Problem of Slavery in Early Vermont, Vermont Historical Society (2014)
52. ^{{cite web|title=Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case|url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071022.asp|publisher=The National Archives of Scotland|accessdate=5 July 2014}}
53. ^A Leon Higginbotham, Jr., In the Matter of Color: Race & the American Legal Process, Oxford University Press, 1978. p. 310.
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55. ^A. Leon Higginbotham, In the matter of color: race and the American legal process (1980) p. 91
56. ^Viorel Achim, The Roma in Romanian History, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004. {{ISBN|963-9241-84-9}}, p. 128
57. ^Higginbotham, p. 310.
58. ^Britton (ed.) 1978, p. 53
59. ^A. B. C. Sibthorpe, The history of Sierra Leone (1970) p. 8
60. ^1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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62. ^David B. Gaspar, David P. Geggus, A Turbulent time: the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (1997) p. 60
63. ^{{cite news|last1=Xuereb|first1=Charles|title=Slavery in Malta|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070410/letters/slavery-in-malta.20844|accessdate=12 February 2015|work=Times of Malta|date=10 April 2007}}
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65. ^{{Citation|last=May|first=Thomas Erskine|author-link=Thomas Erskine May|year=1895|contribution=Last Relics of Slavery|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCwYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA274|title=The Constitutional History of England (1760–1860)|volume=II|publisher=A. C. Armstrong and Son|publication-date=1895|publication-place=New York|pages=274–275|url=}}
66. ^Hobhouse, Henry. Seeds of Change: Six Plants That Transformed Mankind, 2005. Page 111.
67. ^"1804: With passage of the law excerpted here, New Jersey became the last state in the North to abolish slavery." Howard L. Green, Words that Make New Jersey History: A Primary Source Reader (1995) p 84.
68. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom,"] New York Times. 30 December 2007.
69. ^Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore BBC
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83. ^{{cite book|author=Alwyn Barr|title=Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmK6Sq0ojOUC&pg=PA15|year=1996|page=15}}
84. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml |title=British Anti-slavery |last=Oldfield |first= Dr John |date=February 17, 2011 |website=BBC History |publisher=BBC |access-date=January 2, 2017 |quote=the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field hands}}
85. ^Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1:293
86. ^http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Nelly_Schmidt_Eng_01.pdf
87. ^Serbian: {{cite web|url=http://serbum.com/?p%3D1253 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-06-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213301/http://serbum.com/?p=1253 |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df=dmy }}
88. ^Código Civil de 1852: Lo nacional y lo importado, by César Luna Victoria León.
89. ^Ismael M. Montana, The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia (2013)
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91. ^1 Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes. An Inquiry Into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America: To which is Prefixed An Historical Sketch of Slavery, 1858. Page cxcii.
92. ^1840 US Census, Pennsylvania
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101. ^{{cite book|author=Robert J. Cottrol|title=The Long, Lingering Shadow: Slavery, Race, and Law in the American Hemisphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcv0b9Ym43cC&pg=PA121|year=2013|publisher=University of Georgia Press|page=121}}
102. ^http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html
103. ^Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor (1987)
104. ^Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 2:637
105. ^Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego, >*Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 389–394
106. ^Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2004)
107. ^{{cite book|last=Hornsby, Jr. |first=Alton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqIJ278VHuwC&pg=PA127 |title=A Companion to African-American History |year=2008 |page=127 |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=2013-08-28}}
108. ^{{cite book|author=Leland Donald|title=Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRHLy4xwcboC&pg=PA244|year=1997|page=244}}
109. ^Robert E. Conrad, The destruction of Brazilian slavery, 1850–1888 (1972) p. 106
110. ^Suzanne Miers and Richard L. Roberts, The End of slavery in Africa (1988) p. 79
111. ^Y. Hakan Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1909 (1998).
112. ^Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1:124
113. ^{{cite book|author=Junius P. Rodriguez|title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=PR23|year=1997|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=xxiii}}
114. ^http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf
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116. ^1 Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. A History of Thailand, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 61.
117. ^{{cite journal|title=Affairs in America|journal=Cyclopedic Review of Current History|date=1901|volume=10: 1900|publisher=Current History Co|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/whiteslavetraffic1904.html|title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|author=|date=|website=hrlibrary.umn.edu|accessdate=21 March 2018}}
119. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-28}}
120. ^Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press.
121. ^Cheikh A. Babou. The Journal of African History, 48: 490–491, Cambridge University Press 2007
122. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afghangovernment.com/Constitution1923.htm |title=Afghan Constitution: 1923 |publisher=Afghangovernment.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-28}}
123. ^{{cite web|author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm |title=House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |date=2006-03-06 |accessdate=2013-08-28}}
124. ^{{cite court |litigants =Law for prohibition of slave trade and liberation of slaves at the point of entry |vol =1 |reporter = Iranian National Parliament |opinion =7 |pinpoint = Page 156 |date =1929 |url= http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91872}}
125. ^Barker, A. J., The Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 36
126. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter8.shtml |title=The End of Slavery |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2013-08-28}}
127. ^{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/05-28-46.asp#sauckel|title=The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany|author=|date=|website=avalon.law.yale.edu|accessdate=21 March 2018}}
128. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |date=10 December 1948 |accessdate=13 December 2007 |publisher=United Nations|quote=Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 ... Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. }}
129. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Slavery in Islam|author=|date=|website=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=21 March 2018}}
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131. ^The Ukrainian SSR and the USSR had separate representation at the UN.
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134. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&pg=PA347&lpg=PA347&dq=oman+slavery+1970&source=bl&ots=WAH4Pa0Tv6&sig=D0mpVTDbZXa6CBcTnw-FxT3-INM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh567wi4rXAhVM9YMKHQXSB6c4FBDoAQgpMAE#v=onepage&q=oman+slavery+1970&f=false|title=Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem|first=Suzanne|last=Miers|date=21 March 2018|publisher=Rowman Altamira|accessdate=21 March 2018|via=Google Books}}
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137. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm | work=BBC News | title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law | date=9 August 2007 | accessdate=8 January 2011}}
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142. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/colorado-abolishes-prison-slavery-in-huge-win-for-prisoners-rights/ar-BBPsem4?ocid=spartanntp|title=Colorado Abolishes Prison Slavery in Huge Win for Prisoners Rights|work=Microsoft News|date=7 November 2018}}
143. ^{{cite book|author=Kevin Bales|title=New Slavery: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Cw6EsO59aYC&pg=PA4|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-815-6|page=4}}
144. ^{{cite book|author1=Shelley K. White|author2=Jonathan M. White|author3=Kathleen Odell Korgen|title=Sociologists in Action on Inequalities: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsruAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|date=27 May 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-1147-0|page=43}}
145. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/30-million-people-still-live-slavery-human-rights-group-says-f8C11409499|title= 30 million people still live in slavery, human rights group says|last1= Smith|first1= Alexander|date= 17 October 2013|website= NBC News|accessdate=7 October 2014}}
146. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/apr/03/modern-day-slavery-explainer|title= Modern-day slavery: an explainer|last1= Kelly|first1= Annie|date= 3 April 2013|website= The Guardian|publisher= Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=7 October 2014}}
147. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml |title= Ethics – Slavery: Modern Slavery |website=BBC |accessdate=7 October 2014}}
148. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/opinion/qatars-showcase-of-shame.html?_r=0|title= Qatar's Showcase of Shame|last1= Aziz|first1= Omer|last2= Hussain|first2= Murtaza|date= 5 January 2014|website= The New York Times|publisher= The New York Times Company|accessdate=7 October 2014}}

Further reading

  • Bales, Kevin. "Disposable People" (University of California Press, 2012)
  • Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Frank Cass, 2004)
  • Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
  • Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol 1998)
  • Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989)
  • Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2007) 795pp; {{ISBN|978-0-313-33142-8}}
  • Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge UP, 1983)
  • Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World (2007)
  • Psychiatric Slavery by psychiatrist Thomas Szasz

External links

{{portalbar|history}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150303204014/http://royalnavalmuseum.org/visit_see_victory_cfexhibition_timepre1807.htm Timeline – What happened before 1807?] The Royal Naval Museum
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531004750/http://royalnavalmuseum.org/visit_see_victory_cfexhibition_timepost1807.htm Timeline – What happened after 1807?] The Royal Naval Museum
  • Slavery and Abolition
  • American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including US and international anti-slavery timelines.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery, Abolition of timeline}}

3 : Abolitionism|History of slavery|Society-related timelines
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