| 词条 | Firth of Forth |
| 释义 |
| name = Firth of Forth | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = The Forth bridges from the air (geograph 5835049).jpg | alt = | caption = Aerial view of the Forth bridges |pushpin_map = Scotland #Scotland Fife#Scotland Falkirk#Scotland Clackmannanshire | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Scotland, United Kingdom | coordinates = {{Coord|56.075|-3.750|region:GB_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | ocean = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Scotland, United Kingdom | agency = | designation = | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | sections = | islands_category = | trenches = | benches = | cities = | website = | reference = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 30 October 2001 | designation1_number = 1111[1]}} }} The Firth of Forth ({{lang-gd|Linne Foirthe}}) is the estuary (firth) of several Scottish rivers including the River Forth. It meets the North Sea with Fife on the north coast and Lothian on the south.[2] It was known as Bodotria in Roman times. In the Norse sagas it was known as the Myrkvifiörd.[3] An early Welsh name is Merin Iodeo, or the "Sea of Iudeu".[4] Geography and economyGeologically, the Firth of Forth is a fjord, formed by the Forth Glacier in the last glacial period. The drainage basin for the Firth of Forth covers a wide geographic area including places as far from the shore as Ben Lomond, Cumbernauld, Harthill, Penicuik and the edges of Gleneagles Golf Course.[5] Many towns line the shores, as well as the petrochemical complexes at Grangemouth, commercial docks at Leith, former oil rig construction yards at Methil, the ship-breaking facility at Inverkeithing and the naval dockyard at Rosyth, along with numerous other industrial areas, including the Forth Bridgehead area, encompassing Rosyth, Inverkeithing and the southern edge of Dunfermline, Burntisland, Kirkcaldy, Bo'ness and Leven. The firth is bridged in two places. The Kincardine Bridge and the Clackmannanshire Bridge cross it at Kincardine, while the Forth Bridge, the Forth Road Bridge and the Queensferry Crossing cross from North Queensferry to South Queensferry, further east. The Romans reportedly made a bridge of around 900 boats, probably at South Queensferry.[6] From 1964 to 1982, a tunnel existed under the Firth of Forth, dug by coal miners to link the Kinneil colliery on the south side of the Forth with the Valleyfield colliery on the north side. This is shown in the 1968 educational film "Forth - Powerhouse for Industry".[7] The shafts leading into the tunnel were filled and capped with concrete when the tunnel was closed, and it is believed to have filled with water or collapsed in places.[8] In July, 2007, a hovercraft passenger service completed a two-week trial between Portobello, Edinburgh and Kirkcaldy, Fife. The trial of the service (marketed as "Forthfast") was hailed as a major operational success, with an average passenger load of 85 percent.[9] It was estimated the service would decrease congestion for commuters on the Forth road and rail bridges by carrying about 870,000 passengers each year.[10] Despite the initial success, the project was cancelled in December, 2011. The inner firth, located between the Kincardine and Forth bridges, has lost about half of its former intertidal area as a result of land reclamation, partly for agriculture, but mainly for industry and the large ash lagoons built to deposit spoil from the coal-fired Longannet Power Station near Kincardine. Historic villages line the Fife shoreline; Limekilns, Charlestown and Culross, established in the 6th century, where Saint Kentigern was born. The firth is important for nature conservation and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Firth of Forth Islands SPA (Special Protection Area) is home to more than 90,000 breeding seabirds every year. There is a bird observatory on the Isle of May. The youngest person to swim across the Firth of Forth was 13-year-old Joseph Feeney, who accomplished the feat in 1933. In 2008, a controversial bid to allow oil transfer between ships in the firth was refused by Forth Ports. SPT Marine Services had asked permission to transfer 7.8 million tonnes of crude oil per year between tankers, but the proposals were met with determined opposition from conservation groups.[11] {{clear left}}Islands{{stack|}}{{Main|Islands of the Forth}}
Settlements on the shorelinelowest bridging point: StirlingNorth shore{{colbegin}}
Places of interest{{colbegin}}
References1. ^{{Cite web|title=Firth of Forth|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1111|accessdate=25 April 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Forth area management plan 2010 – 2015|url=https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/37297/forth_area-management-plan.pdf#page=5|website=SEPA|accessdate=9 April 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/orkneyingasaga00goudgoog|title=The Orkneyinga saga|first1=Joseph|last1=Anderson|first2=1840-1908|last2=Jón A. Hjaltalín (Jón Andrésson Hjaltalín)|first3=Gilbert|last3=Goudie|date=3 January 1873|publisher=Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas|accessdate=3 January 2018|via=Internet Archive}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795|last=Fraser|first=James E.|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2009|isbn=|location=Edinburgh|pages=171}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=No. 87 - The Firth of Forth|url=http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/review/087.pdf#page=12|website=Scottish Natural Heritage|accessdate=8 April 2017}} 6. ^{{cite news|last1=Harrison|first1=Jody|title=Secrets of the Romans' forgotten war against Scotland revealed|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16115154.Secrets_of_the_Romans__forgotten_war_against_Scotland_revealed|accessdate=22 May 2018|agency=The Herald|date=26 March 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Henry (director)|title=Forth - Powerhouse for Industry|url=http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/1820|website=Moving Image Archive|publisher=Campbell Harper Films Ltd.|accessdate=15 May 2017}} 8. ^Fraser MacDonald, "Scotland's secret tunnel under the Forth", The Guardian, 30 April 2014. 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lm6PDDj-k_k|title=Kirkcaldy-Edinburgh hovercraft trial|date=13 July 2007|publisher=The Scottish Executive|accessdate=10 January 2010}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/topstories/Plans-lodged-for-Forth-hovercraft.5962637.jp|title=Plans lodged for Forth hovercraft|date=7 January 2010 |publisher=Edinburgh Evening News|accessdate=10 January 2010}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7221917.stm|title=Forth oil transfer plan ruled out|date=1 February 2008|accessdate=1 February 2008|publisher=BBC News Online}} External links{{Wikisource1911Enc|Forth}}
11 : Firth of Forth|Estuaries of Scotland|Landforms of Fife|Firths of Scotland|Ramsar sites in Scotland|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Edinburgh and West Lothian|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Falkirk and Clackmannan|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid and East Lothian|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North East Fife|Bodies of water of the North Sea |
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