| 词条 | Toro (archaeological site) |
| 释义 |
|name = Toro |native_name = 登呂遺跡 |alternate_name = {{Plainlist|
|image = Toro3.jpg |alt = |caption = Toro pit-dwelling reconstruction |map_type = |map_alt = |map_caption = |map_size = |relief = |coordinates = {{coord|34|57|22|N|138|24|29|E|display=inline,title}} |region = JP |type = landmark |part_of = |length = |width = |area = {{convert|330000|m2|sqft|sigfig=2}} |height = |builder = |material = |built = 1st century CE |abandoned = |epochs = Yayoi |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = |ownership = Public |management = |public_access = Yes |website = {{URL|www.shizuoka-toromuseum.jp/}} |notes = }}{{nihongo|Toro|登呂 遺跡|Toro iseki}} is an archaeological site in Suruga Ward in Shizuoka City, {{convert|130|km|mi}} south of Tokyo, Japan. The remains there date to the 1st century CE, in the late Yayoi period, and was an administrative unit of the area. Discovered in 1943, it was excavated in 1947–48 and designated a Special Historic Site of Japan in 1952. Toro is also the name of the area surrounding it in the Japanese addressing system. BackgroundToro is notable as the first archaeological site excavated in Japan in which remains of 1st-century CE Yayoi-era wet-rice paddy fields were found.{{sfnm|1a1=Aikens|1a2=Higuchi|1y=1982|p=226|2a1=Bahn|2y=2001|2p=451}} The site was discovered in 1943 during construction work on a military munitions plant in World War II, and was excavated in 1947 and 1948. In 1965 an excavation survey was conducted before the construction of Tōmei Expressway within the planned route.[1] As well as the agricultural remains, archaeological findings included pit-houses, refuse pits, and raised-floor buildings. Many artifacts were also unearthed. The preservation at the Toro site was so complete that a large number of 2000-year-old wooden farming tools were excavated.{{sfn|Aikens|Higuchi|1982|pp=235–237}} The site was re-excavated from 1999–2003 (Heisei 11–16),[1] during which time additional artifacts were uncovered.{{sfn|Okamura|date=2002|pp=113-122}}[2] The archaeological remains from Toro elicited such an intense interest from Japanese archaeologists that the Japanese Archaeological Association was formed to study it.{{sfnm|1a1=Aikens|1a2=Higuchi|1y=1982|p=226|2a1=Bahn|2y=2001|2p=451}} Toro has been used as a type site for Yayoi culture despite the fact that the location of the settlement in the Tōkai region was peripheral to what has traditionally been considered the Yayoi formation area in northern Kyūshū.{{sfn|Bahn|2001|p=451}} SiteThe total area of the Toro site is {{convert|330000|m2|sqft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. Twelve pit-houses were excavated but as the archaeologists were not able to establish the boundaries of the original Yayoi settlement, the true size of the village is unknown and may have been much larger. In addition to the houses, two raised-floor buildings were found. Archaeologists interpret these as storehouses.{{sfn|Brown|1993|pp=80–91}} The Toro pit-dwellings had a roughly {{convert|6|x|8|m|ft|adj=on}} living area, with a double skirting wall approximately {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} high around the circumference. Four wooden posts were sunk into the ground, with beams connecting at the top, and rafters radiating down to the ground level. The whole was covered in thatch. Within, the floor level was even with the outside ground, and a hearth was sunk into the floor in the center. The elevated buildings had an entrance ladder carved from a single log of wood. These buildings were apparently built of planks, using a mortise and tenon joinery method, which indicates that the builders had use of iron tools.{{sfn|Nishi|1996}}{{page needed|date=February 2013}} Approximately 30 rice paddies were uncovered, along with {{convert|370|m|ft|abbr=on}} of associated narrow canals and waterways.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} The site is now preserved as a public park with reconstructed buildings and rice fields,[3][4] and is protected by the Japanese government as a National Historic Monument. A museum at the site preserves and displays many of the artifacts discovered.[5] 775 artifacts excavated from Toro site are designated as Important Cultural Property of Japan in 2016.[6] See also{{Portal|Archaeology|Japan}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Hajimeni|trans-title= Introduction |language= ja|url= http://www.city.shizuoka.jp/deps/bunkazai/bunkazai_tyousa_toronews_index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220072553/http://www.city.shizuoka.jp/deps/bunkazai/bunkazai_tyousa_toronews_index.html |year= |archive-date= 2015-02-20|publisher= Bunkazai-ka Department, Shizuoka City|access-date= 2017-10-10}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tosyokan.pref.shizuoka.jp/data/open/cnt/3/50/6/ssr4-60.pdf|title= Toro iseki no hakkutsu—sengo kōkogaku to shakai ni ataeta kakkisei|trans-title= Excavation of Toro Site—Breakthrough it gave to post WWII archeology and society in Japan|page= 131|publisher= |access-date= 2017-10-10}} 3. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.shizuoka-toromuseum.jp/around/|title= Shūhen shisetsu no goannai—Toro-iseki kōen annnaizu|trans-title= The park and archaeological site map |language= ja|publisher= Shizuoka City Toro Museum|access-date= 2017-10-10}} 4. ^{{cite web|title= Toro-iseki no saisēbi kōji ni tsuite|trans-title= Reconstruction plans for Toro archaeological site area|language= ja|url= http://www.city.shizuoka.jp:80/deps/bunkazai/bunkazai_torosaiseibi.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080216200645/http://www.city.shizuoka.jp/deps/bunkazai/bunkazai_torosaiseibi.htm|archive-date= 2008-02-16|publisher= Shizuoka City|access-date= 2017-10-10|deadurl= yes|df= }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shizuoka-toromuseum.jp/|title= Shizuoka City Toro Museum|access-date=2017-10-10}} {{ja}} 6. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.shizuoka-toromuseum.jp/news/detail.asp?r=83|title= Toro-iseki shutsudohin 775-ten ga jūyō bunkazai ni shitei saremasu!|trans-title = 775 artifacts excavated from Toro site designated as Important Cultural Property of Japan!|language= ja|date= 2016-03-11|publisher=Shizuoka City|access-date= 2017-10-10}} Works cited{{Refbegin}}
|ref = harv |last1 = Aikens |first1 = C. Melvin |last2 = Higuchi |first2 = Takayasu |year = 1982 |title = Prehistory of Japan |publisher = Academic Press |isbn = 978-0-12-045280-4}}
|ref = harv |editor-last = Bahn |editor-first = Paul |year = 2001 |chapter = Toro |pages = |title = The Penguin Archaeology Guide |publisher = Penguin |isbn = 978-0-14-029308-1}}
|ref = harv |editor-last = Brown |editor-first = Delmer M |title = The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 1993 |isbn = 0-521-22352-0}}
|ref = harv |last = Nishi |first = Kazuo |translator = H. Mack Horton |title = What is Japanese Architecture?: A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture |publisher = Kodansha International |year = 1996 |isbn = 4-7700-1992-0}}
|ref = harv |last = Okamura |first = Wataru |title = Re-excavation of the Toro Site |work = Nihon Kōkogaku (Journal of the Japanese Archaeological Association) |volume = 9 |number = 13 |pages = 113-122 |url = https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nihonkokogaku1994/9/13/9_13_113/_pdf |date = 2002-01-26 |issn = 1883-7026 |publisher = Japanese Archaeological Association |access-date= 2017-10-10}}{{Refend}} Further reading
|title = Toro-iseki Chōsa Hakusho |trans-title= Toro Site Excavation White Papers |language = ja |last = Sugihara |first = Sōsuke |work = Shinnihon rekishi |volume = 8 |year = 1949 |url = http://www.worldcat.org/title/shinnihon-rekishi-dai8kan/oclc/834212739&referer=brief_results |publisher = Shin-nihon Rekishi Gakkai |access-date= 2017-10-10 }} First official excavation report.
|title = Tokubetsu shiseki Toro-iseki: saihakkutsu chōsa hōkokusho |trans-title= Re-excavation Report |language = ja |year = 2017 |url = http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB03705841 |publisher = Shizuoka City |access-date= 2017-10-10 }} Three volumes with Archaeological Surveys, Natural Science Analysis and Summary, and Supplement. External links{{commons category|Toro Site}}
8 : Archaeological sites in Japan|Buildings and structures in Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Tourist attractions in Shizuoka Prefecture|Yayoi period|Former populated places in Japan|Special Historic Sites|Archaeological type sites|Parks and gardens in Shizuoka Prefecture |
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