“Trams in Australia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The earliest trams in Australia operated in the latter decades of the 19th century, hauled by horses or "steam tram motors" (also known as "steam dummies"). At the turn of the 20th century, propulsion almost universally turned to electrification, although cable trams (established in 1885) lingered in Melbourne. In cities and towns that had trams, they were a major part of public transport assets.

In the middle of the 20th century trams fell out of favour, in part because of deferred maintenance during World War II and declining patronage resulting from increased private car ownership. Lines were closed or severely cut back except in Melbourne: its network of 24 routes covering 250 km (155 mi) is now the largest in the world.

Since the turn of the 21st century tramway extensions have been constructed in Sydney and Adelaide, and new lines on the Gold Coast and in Newcastle. Another in Canberra is scheduled to open in April 2019

Restored vintage trams are very popular in their various forms. Most operate on sections of former operational lines such as at Bendigo and Ballarat in Victoria or on purpose-built tracks in association with museums such as at St Kilda, South Australia; Whiteman Park, Western Australia; and Launceston, Tasmania. Less authentic but invariably popular are replica trams that offer tourist experiences such as at Victor Harbor, South Australia and Portland, Victoria.

History

In the 19th century numerous horse drawn systems were established, with Adelaide and Brisbane establishing reasonably large systems (for their day) and retaining their horse-drawn trams when other systems had adopted steam or cable traction. Victor Harbor and Gawler in South Australia are examples of small, single-line horse-drawn systems which survived until 1955 and 1931 respectively; the Victor Harbor tramway reopened in 1986.

Following a short lived experiment with a privately run horse tram line in Pitt Street in the 1860s, Sydney adopted steam trams, which were operated by the state government. By comparison, Melbourne adopted cable trams, the infrastructure (tracks and winding-houses) was owned collectively by the local municipal councils, but operated initially by a private company. The Melbourne cable tramway system became arguably the largest in the world in the late 19th century, with some cable lines retained until 1940. Sydney operated only two cable tram lines (in North Sydney and along New South Head Road) and eschewed the high capital outlay required for cable traction, preferring instead to retain their steam trams, until most of the system was converted to electric operation between 1898 and 1910.

Smaller provincial towns in New South Wales, such as Maitland, Broken Hill and Newcastle had steam tram systems operated by the New South Wales Government. Rockhampton, Queensland, also had a steam tram system, which was operated by the City of Rockhampton. With the exception of Newcastle, these systems had closed by the 1930s.

Gold mining towns, with their rapid growth and wealth soon adopted trams, with Bendigo and Ballarat in Victoria and Kalgoorlie and Leonora in Western Australia all adopting electric tram systems. Bendigo initially opened a battery-operated tramline to Eaglehawk, but as this proved unsuccessful it was replaced by steam-trams; these were electrified and expanded circa 1902. Ballarat electrified their horse tram network shortly after. These two Victorian systems survived until 1972 and 1971 respectively, following their takeover by the state government through the State Electricity Commission, whereas the West Australian examples ceased operations in the 1950s as a result of the economic decline of those towns at the time.

Electrification was quickly adopted in Australian systems, with Hobart and Brisbane the first systems to be electrified in 1893 and 1897 respectively. Hobart thus was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere to operate a successful electric tramway system. It was also the only Australian city to use the European-style 'bow collector', instead of Frank Sprague's trolley pole system. Hobart was also the first city outside Europe to employ electric double-decker trams. The Hobart system retained a distinctly "English" appearance throughout its existence.

Perth had an electric tram system in operation between 1898 and 1958. Adelaide was the last major city to convert its trams to electric operation, in 1908, with the system closing (except for the Glenelg tram) in 1958.

A distinctive feature of many Australasian trams was the drop-centre, a lowered central section between bogies (wheel-sets), to make passenger access easier by reducing the number of steps required to get inside of the vehicle. One school of thought proposes that these were derived from Hedley-Doyle stepless car, (named after two employees of the New York Railways Company), two of which came to Australia: the "Big Lizzie" of Brisbane supplied by JG Brill and Company in 1913, and the "New York" car (I class number 63) of the Perth tramways in 1914. A more plausible genesis is that the design evolved locally, as evidenced by a number of drop-centre trams appearing prior to the 1912 New York design.

Patronage

The following table lists patronage figures for the commuter networks (in millions of journeys) during the 2017-18 financial year. Australia's financial years start on 1 July and end on 30 June.

Networks

Timeline – all tramways

Australian Capital Territory

A light rail system serving Australia's national capital, Canberra, is under construction. The initial line will link the northern suburb of Gungahlin to the city centre (Civic). An extension to the southern suburb of Woden has been announced.

New South Wales

Broken Hill

A steam tramway service operated in Broken Hill from 1902 until its closure in December 1926.

Maitland

A steam tram line connected East and West Maitland between 1909 and 1926. The line ran from Victoria Street station in East Maitland along High Street, West Maitland crossing the 'Long Bridge' and terminated in the suburb of Campbells Hill. There was single track branch from High Street, West Maitland running along Church Street to West Maitland station. This branch line closed in 1915.

There were proposals to extend the line westwards from Campbells Hill to Rutherford but these never eventuated. There were proposals to electrify the service in 1921 but instead it was decided to withdraw the service. The tramway closed on 31 December 1926.

Newcastle

A steam tram system operated in Newcastle, New South Wales from 1887, with a branch to West Wallsend. It was electrified in 1923-26. The last line closed in 1950.

The construction of the a modern system was announced in 2014. The Newcastle Light Rail opened in February 2019.^[5]

Sydney

Sydney once had quite an extensive tram system, having been in place since 1879, with a short-lived earlier line opened between 1861 and 1866. The system was hugely popular by the 20th century, with an average of more than one tram journey per day made by every man and woman and child in the city. Patronage peaked at over 400 million people per annum in 1945. The use of trams in Sydney declined in the 1950s and the system was closed entirely in 1961, replaced by buses. It had a maximum street mileage of 181 miles (291 km) in 1923.

In 1997, more than 30 years after trams disappeared from Sydney streets, they were reintroduced in the form of a small light rail system. A single line was opened between Central station and Pyrmont, mostly utilising a former goods railway, which was extended along the remaining section of disused railway to Lilyfield in the Inner Western Suburbs in 2000. Following a further cut back to the city's freight rail network, a south-western extension to Dulwich Hill opened in 2014. A second line through the CBD and to the south-eastern suburbs is now under construction. It will have two branches at the suburban end of the line, to Randwick and Kingsford.

Two lines have been announced in Western Sydney. Both lines feature a shared core through Parramatta before one line travels east to Strathfield and the other north-east to Carlingford.

Queensland

Brisbane

Brisbane's tram system ran on standard gauge track. The electric system was originally energised to 500 volts, this was subsequently increased to 600 volts.

Most trams operated with a two-person crew - a driver (or motorman) and a conductor, who moved about the tram collecting fares and issuing tickets. The exceptions to this arrangement were on the Gardens line (Lower Edward Street) where the short duration of the trip meant it was more effective for passengers to simply drop their fare into a fare box as they entered the tram; and the "one man cars" which operated in the early 1930s (see below).

The network reached its maximum extent of 109 kilometres in 1952. The total track length was 199 kilometres, owing to many routes ending in single, rather than double, track. Single track segments of the track were protected by signalling which operated off the trolley wire. By 1959, more than 140 kilometres of track were laid in concrete, a method of track construction pioneered in Brisbane.

The last track opened was in O'Keefe Street Woolloongabba, in May 1961. However, this track was not used in normal passenger service and was merely used to reduce dead running from Logan Road back to Ipswich Road Depot.

The peak year for patronage was 1944-45, with almost 160 million passenger journeys recorded.

Gold Coast

The first modern light rail system in Queensland opened on the Gold Coast in 2014. Called link, it runs on a single 20-kilometre line between Helensvale railway station and Broadbeach via Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport and Surfers Paradise. The route forms a public transport spine on the Coast and connects with bus services along the route. A northern extension, from the original terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to Helensvale railway station, was completed in 2018 before the 2018 Commonwealth Games.^[6]

Rockhampton

Rockhampton operated steam trams from 1909 to 1939. There is a Steam Tram Museum at Archer Park Station, with a toastrack style French Purrey steam tram operating for several hours each Sunday.

South Australia

Adelaide

In 2016 the state government announced an ambitious (but unfunded) tramways plan to serve some of Adelaide's suburbs. However, the manifesto of a new government elected in March 2018 stated that its focus would be on extending tram services in the city centre and North Adelaide rather than building wider routes.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

A total of 24 trams built by two European manufacturers now provide services on Adelaide's tramways. Fifteen are Bombardier Flexity Classic models, classified as the 100 Series, of which eleven were introduced in 2006 and four in 2008; nine are Alstom Citadis 302 models, classified as the 200 Series, of which six were introduced in 2009 and three in 2017. The famed 1929-vintage Type H trams, briefly classified as the 300 Series before they were phased out of regular service in 2006, last ran in 2015; five are now in storage.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Victor Harbor

An 1864-built pier off Victor Harbor was modified in 1875 to extend to Granite Island and its wharf, which could accommodate deep draught sailing vessels. The link became known as "The Causeway", along which a railway line was built to convey goods wagons 1 mile 75 chains (1.9 mi, 3.1 km) to the mainland. Horses were the motive power, as they were on about 35 mi (56 km) of lines from Victor Harbor to Strathalbyn at the time. Steam locomotives took over these lines in 1885 but horses continued to operate to Granite Island. In 1894, as increasing numbers of visitors and holiday makers were attracted to the Causeway, the South Australian Railways initiated a passenger service. A double-deck horse tram from Kadina (and previously Moonta) was allocated and later several others joined it.^[22]

The service continued until 1955, when the Harbours Board was demolishing the old working jetty and remnants of the Victoria Pier; funds were not allocated for work on the tracks and the Causeway was rebuilt without rails.^[22]

Between 1956 and 1986 two rubber-tyred trailers were towed by a small Ferguson tractor, and later by a Land Rover with cladding to imitate the outline of a steam locomotive.^[22]

A major project funded for the state's 150th jubilee in 1986 reinstated the horse tramway as the Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram. Four sturdy replica carriages were built incorporating tubular steel, timber cladding and roller bearings. Tracks were laid again and a 364-day service commenced on 14 June 1986.^[23]^[22] The trams and their Clydesdale horses remain very popular. On most days one tram operates an hourly service; two (half-hourly) at busier times and three at Easter and Christmas – New Year holidays.^[22]

Tasmania

Hobart

Hobart had a municipal tram system from 1893 to 1960 with a network of 8 routes throughout the city, the tram network was scaled down and by 1960 was virtually defunct and replaced by a short lived trolleybus system until 1968. Hobart has investigated restoring the tram network, as it is part of its heritage, being one of the first Australian cities to implement a tram system but no such development has occurred. Recent investigation and transport studies have led to plans to instigate a Light Rail system along the existing South Line.

Launceston

The Launceston Tramway Museum Society runs a tramway museum in the Inveresk Precinct. The long term plan is to have a line from the city centre to the museum [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027045433/http://geocities.com/tramwaysociety/] and if successful to expand further along the original network.

Victoria

Ballarat

Ballarat once operated an extensive tramway network which began in 1887 with horse-drawn trams; this was electrified between 1905 and 1913. The system was closed in September 1971 and replaced by buses. The Ballarat Tramway Museum operates a small section of the original track at Lake Wendouree as a tourist and museum tramway. There have been several proposals put to the City of Ballarat to return trams to the inner suburbs and extend the line to Ballarat railway station however these plans have been put on hold indefinitely.

Bendigo

Bendigo in regional Victoria electrified its steam-tram service to the neighbouring Borough of Eaglehawk in 1902, and extended this line from Bendigo railway station to Quarry Hill. At the same time, a new line was constructed from Golden Square to Lake Weeroona (later extended to North Bendigo). These two lines passed over each other at Charring Cross, and it is a section of the latter which has been retained for its historic tourist operation.

The famous heritage "talking tram" and "cafe tram" are run by the Bendigo Trust in conjunction with a tramway museum at the original electric tram depot.

A public transport trial of trams began in 2009 and in 2010 full funding was committed to restore the Bendigo network for public transport with the development of a raised platform tram stop and yearly ticket costing just A$30 with future extensions to the network in the planning stages.^[24]

Geelong

Geelong maintained an electric tram service from 1912 until 1956; unusually, it was constructed from new - not converted from an existing non-electric system.

Melbourne

Melbourne, the most populous city in and capital of Victoria, is home to the largest tram network in the world,^[25] and its trams have become part of the city's culture and identity due to their long history. Currently around 500 trams are in service in the city.

The system uses a combination of newer low-floor trams (the E-class, C-class (Citadis) and D-class (Combino)), middle-aged, high-floor trams (the A-class, B-class and Z-class) and the older W-class trams. The latter remain in service as a popular tourist attraction, used on the free City Circle Tram route in the city centre, along with operating the world's first restaurant tram. The oldest in-service W-class tram dates from 1939.

Portland

A replica tourist route in Portland was created using old vintage Melbourne cable trams. The single line route runs along the beach and harbourfront to the historic lighthouse on the hill. The popular tourist route ran into financial trouble in 2005.

Sorrento

A steam tram operated in Sorrento between 1889 and 1921 from near the Front Beach pier to the Back Beach.^[26] It connected with steamers from Melbourne and Queenscliff providing a tourist and, to a lesser extent, local service across the peninsula. At busy times the steam engines hauled a train of several open-sided cross-bench trailers; during slack periods, a single small horse-drawn tramcar sufficed.

Western Australia

Tram lines and companies operated in several towns of Western Australia. These were sometimes public services, while others were primarily for industries like mining or timber. Trams operated in the cities and towns of Perth, Fremantle, Kalgoorlie and Leonora. The early northern port of Cossack was linked by tram with the town of Roebourne during the gold boom of the 1890s. The biggest of these networks was centred upon the growing state capital, Perth.

Fremantle

Between 1905 and 1952, Fremantle had a small but comprehensive tramway network of its own. The Fremantle network was owned and operated by a consortium of local municipalities, and was never linked into the Perth network. Throughout its existence, the Fremantle network covered both the Fremantle municipality and the adjacent municipality of East Fremantle. Its tram lines also extended for part of that period into North Fremantle and Melville.^[27]

The Perth Electric Tramway Society Inc, commissioned former Fremantle tram #29 in 1992 at Whiteman Park, and it has provided continuous service on (usually) the 4th Sunday of each month.

Kalgoorlie

Perth

Trams ran in Perth from the late nineteenth century. There is believed to have been at least one horse car line, but it probably did not carry passengers. The first electric trams ran in 1899 between East Perth and West Perth along Hay Street. The electric tram network expanded as far west as Claremont, as far north as Osborne Park, and across the Swan River causeway to Victoria Park, Como and Welshpool. The government took over the running of trams in 1914. The last tram was built in 1934; No 130. The trams ceased running on 19 July 1958.

Since the start of 2007, there have been four proposals for the reintroduction of trams to the Perth metropolitan area, in the form of light rail. A line running from Mirrabooka to the Perth central business district (provisionally known as the Metro Area Express) was officially announced in September 2012 but was cancelled in 2016.^[29]^[30]

At Whiteman Park 22 km north of Perth, there is an operating heritage tram system run by the Perth Electric Tramway Society, with 4 km of track. The trams operating on this system includes former Perth tram #66, commissioned on 9 October 2011. Currently, proposals for the restoration of subsequent Perth trams are being prepared for submission to the membership of the Society.

Proposals

Hobart

There is currently a detailed analysis and study into proposals of the introduction of a light rail service in Hobart's northern suburbs along with political backing from all 3 major parties.^[31]^[32]

Tramway Museums

Tram museums operate in many cities following the closure of their networks. Major museums include the Brisbane Tramway Museum, the Sydney Tramway Museum, Valley Heights Steam Tramway, Whiteman Park, Perth, the Melbourne Tramway Museum, Victoria run by the Tramway Museum Society Of Victoria, the Ballarat Tramway Museum and the Bendigo Tramways Museum and Depot, the oldest working tramway depot in Australia. There are also museums at St Kilda and Victor Harbor, South Australia and Launceston, Tasmania.

St Kilda

The Tramway Museum, St Kilda operates an extensive fleet of historic South Australian and interstate tram cars and trolley buses. Work began in 1958 with the arrival of donated vehicles, the first of which was an old trolley bus from the Municipal Tramways Trust, and the museum was opened in 1967 as a static display.^[33] The museum houses more than 30 electric trams, horse trams and electric trolley buses, many of which are restored and operational. Visitors can ride the electric trams along 2 km of purpose built track that runs between the museum and an adventure playground.^[34]

Australian tramcar manufacturers

ABB/Adtranz, Dandenong

ABB signed the contract, but the merger with Daimler-Benz to form Adtranz happened during delivery.

Austral Otis

Ansair

Benjamin Carne

Bolton

Bombardier Transportation

Clyde Engineering

Comeng/ABB

Duncan & Fraser

Eveleigh Railway Workshops

Fremantle Municipal Tramways

Henry Vale

Holdens

Hudson Brothers, Sydney

J. A Lawton

James Moore

James Morrison

Meadowbank Manufacturing Company, Sydney

Melbourne, Brunswick & Coburg Tramways Trust

Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board

Melbourne Tramways & Omnibus Company (Nicholson Street Workshops)

Mort's Dock Engineering Co

Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - Track cleaner, D [C], C (assembly & fitting-out), E (assembly & fitting-out), J (assembly & fitting-out), B (assembly & fitting-out), K (assembly & fitting-out), L (assembly & fitting-out), R (assembly & fitting-out)

A Pengelly & Co, Edwardstown, SA

Randwick Tramway Workshops

Ritchie Brothers

Robison Brothers

Ruwolt

Sewell

S & E Co

Stansfield & Carey

Thomas Wearne

Victorian Railways

Waddingtons/Commonwealth Engineering

Western Australian Government Railways

Westralia Ironworks

Overseas manufacturers of Australian trams

Alstom

Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA)

Baldwin Locomotive Works

Beyer, Peacock

Bombardier Transportation

Brown, Marshalls (Birmingham, England)

JG Brill and Company

Brush Traction

Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles

Duewag

G Starbuck, Birkenhead, England

Gilbert & Bush Co for JG Brill

J M Jones Manufacturing Co (New York)

John Stephenson Co (New York)

John Stephenson Co (New York) for JG Brill

Kitson

Merryweather & Sons

St. Louis Car Company

Siemens

Unknown manufacturers

Notes

NB All cars built for Melbourne were built for the MMTB or its successor authorities/companies unless stated otherwise.

Internet celebrity Nick Mason, co-host of the Weekly Planet podcast, drives a tram as his day job in Melbourne. Through this job Maso has become a friend to many Australian comedians. His tram job has nothing to do with his massive success in online media. This success is not shared with his Weekly Planet co-host.

See also

References

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2. ^{{cite web|title=Transport for NSW Annual Report 2017-18|url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/system/files/media/documents/2018/TfNSW-Annual-Report-2017%E2%80%9318-Volume-1.pdf|page=17|publisher=Transport for NSW|accessdate=2 December 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=Department of Transport and Main Roads Annual Report 2017–18 - Appendix 2 – Performance Statements 2017–18 |url=https://publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/755dff8a-726a-44a2-b8cc-83d232c077dd/resource/149a8687-a98b-4123-ba72-618bf60ab2a7/download/appendices-tmr-annual-report-2017-18.pdf |publisher=Department of Transport and Main Roads |accessdate=3 October 2018 |page=242}}
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5. ^[https://transportnsw.info/news/2019/light-rail-in-newcastle-opening-from-monday-18-february Light rail in Newcastle opening from Monday 18 February] Transport for NSW 3 February 2019
6. ^{{cite web|title=Stage two of Gold Coast light rail on track for Commonwealth Games|url=http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2015/10/11/stage-two-of-gold-coast-light-rail-on-track-for-commonwealth-games|publisher=Queensland Government|date=11 October 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web |url= https://portal.engineersaustralia.org.au/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Sir%20William%20Goodman%20Bridge.Nomination.April%202014_0.pdf |title= Nomination for engineering heritage recognition: Holland Street tramway bridge |author= |date= April 2014 |website= Engineers Australia |publisher= Engineering Heritage SA |access-date= 6 December 2018 }}
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9. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-01/why-was-adelaides-tram-network-ripped-up-in-the-1950s/9205768 |title= Why was Adelaide's tram network ripped up in the 1950s? |last= Prosser |first= Candice |date= 1 December 2017 |website= Curious Adelaide |publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date= 24 March 2018 }}
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11. ^Official opening for tram extension ABC News 14 October 2007
12. ^"Adelaide Entertainment Centre Tram Line Opens" Trolley Wire issue 321 May 2010 pages 21-23
13. ^{{cite journal |last= Seymour |first= Colin |title= Here and there |journal= Trolley Wire |date= November 2018|issue= 355 |pages= 15–16}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=State Budget 2016/17: $50m AdeLINK tram extension to the East End|url=http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/index.php/jay-weatherill-news-releases/796-state-budget-2016-17-50m-adelink-tram-extension-to-the-east-end|publisher=Government of South Australia|date=5 July 2016|access-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714055907/http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/index.php/jay-weatherill-news-releases/796-state-budget-2016-17-50m-adelink-tram-extension-to-the-east-end|archive-date=14 July 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=SA budget 2016: Adelaide tramline to be extended to East End|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-05/adelaide-tramline-extended-to-east-terrace/7569994|work=ABC News Online|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=5 July 2016}}
16. ^{{cite news |first= Sam |last=Kelton |title=AdeLINK: State Government, councils, transport experts meet to discuss Adelaide tram network |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelink-state-government-councils-transport-experts-meet-to-discuss-adelaide-tram-network/news-story/2892958c126f6d1b24151e3590f41caa |work=Adelaide Now|publisher=The Advertiser |date=21 April 2016 |accessdate=10 May 2018}}{{subscription required}}
17. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/279809/AdeLINK_MCA_Summary_FINAL.pdf |title=AdeLINK Multi-Criteria Analysis Summary Report |year=2016 |publisher=Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure |pages=10–19}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://strongplan.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/139-PEOPLE-FOCUSED-PUBLIC-TRANSPORT.pdf |title=People focused public transport |publisher=Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division) |format=PDF |access-date=5 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/projects/project.flexity-adelaide-australia.html |title= Flexity Classic – Adelaide, Australia |author= |date= 2017 |website= Bombardier |publisher= Bombardier |access-date= 11 July 2018}}
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25. ^{{cite web |title = Investing in Transport |publisher = Victorian Department of Transport |url = http://210.15.220.118/east_west_report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf |format = PDF |pages = 69 |accessdate = 2008-12-22}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=Josve05a |fix-attempted=yes }}
26. ^http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/papers/sorrento.htm
27. ^{{cite book | last1 = Chalmers | first1 = John | title = A ticket to ride : a history of the Fremantle Municipal tramways | editors = David Hutchison | publisher = Perth Electric Tramway Society Inc | year = 2001 | location = Mt Lawley, WA | pages = | isbn = 978-0-9578257-0-3}}
28. ^Kalgoorlie Tramways Perth Electric Tramway Society
29. ^{{cite web|title=WA’s first light rail network gets the green light|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Results.aspx?ItemID=150899|work=Ministerial Media Statements|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=4 September 2012|date=2 September 2012}}
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34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.railpage.org.au/aetmsa/main.html |title=Tramway Museum, St Kilda, South Australia |publisher=Australian Electric Transport Museum (SA) Inc |accessdate=2007-01-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221203542/http://www.railpage.org.au/aetmsa/main.html |archivedate=21 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
35. ^Tramway Museum Society of Victoria, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board Works Trams {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315143639/http://www.tramway.org.au/collection-works.php |date=15 March 2012 }}
36. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web | url = http://www.perthbus.info/prequery.php?qid=1501673626853068642&cid=150 | title = Australian Bus Fleet Lists - Western Australia - Trams - Fremantle Municipal Tramways & Electric Lighting Board | accessdate = 2010-09-09}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A040493b.htm |title=Hudson, Henry (1836 - 1907) |publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography|accessdate=2010-04-22}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A060041b.htm |title=Ritchie, Robert Adam (1836 - 1891) |publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography|accessdate=2010-04-22}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dhub.org/object/39722,old+bridge |title=85/2421 Name plate, metal, 'Thomas Wearne Anchor Flour Mills', Darling Harbour, Australia, c 1869 |publisher=D*hub |accessdate=2010-04-22 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}