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词条 Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence
释义

  1. Confirmed tornadoes

     June 7 event  June 8 event  June 9 event 

  2. Flint tornado

  3. Worcester tornado

  4. 1953 tornado season in perspective

  5. See also

  6. References

     Bibliography 

  7. Notes

  8. External links

{{Infobox storm
| name = Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak
| image = Erie Michigan 1953 tornado.jpg
| alt =
| caption = An F4 tornado near Erie, Michigan.
Photo courtesy of NOAA

| type = Tornado outbreak
| active = June 7–9, 1953
| lowest pressure =
| lowest temperature =
| tornadoes = 46
| fujitascale = F5
| tornado duration = 3 days
| highest winds =
| hail =
| gusts =
| maximum snow =
| power outages =
| total fatalities = 245 fatalities, Unknown amount of injuries
| damages = $2.56 billion (2006 USD)
| affected = Midwestern and Northeastern United States
| current advisories =
| enhanced =
| notes =
}}

The 1953 Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence was a devastating tornado outbreak sequence spanning three days, two of which featured tornadoes each causing at least 90 deaths—an F5 occurring in Flint, Michigan, on June 8, 1953, and an F4 in Worcester, Massachusetts, on June 9.{{#tag:ref|An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) modern records that began in 1950, is defined as, at most, two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]|group="nb"}}{{#tag:ref|All damage totals are in 1953 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.|group="nb"}} These tornadoes are among the deadliest in United States history and were caused by the same storm system that moved eastward across the nation. The tornadoes are also related together in the public mind because, for a brief period following the Worcester tornado, it was debated in the U.S. Congress whether recent atomic bomb testing in the upper atmosphere had caused the tornadoes.{{clarify |date=June 2016 |reason=no reference to "what high-altitude tests"}} Congressman James E. Van Zandt (R-Penn.) was among several members of Congress who expressed their belief that the June 4th bomb testing created the tornadoes, which occurred far outside the traditional tornado alley. They demanded a response from the government. Meteorologists quickly dispelled such an assertion, and Congressman Van Zandt later retracted his statement.

The Flint-Worcester Tornadoes were the most infamous storms produced by a larger outbreak of severe weather that began in Nebraska, Iowa and Wisconsin, before moving across the Great Lakes states, and then into New York and New England. Other F3 and F4 tornadoes struck other locations in Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire and Ohio.[2]{{when|date=June 2016}}

Confirmed tornadoes

{{Tornado Chart | Total=46 | F0=11 | F1=9 | F2=13 | F3=7 | F4=5 | F5=1}}

This chart shows the number of tornadoes spawned from the initial storm system.

June 7 event

List of confirmed tornadoes — June 7, 1953
F#
Location
County
Time (UTC)
Path length
Damage
Kansas
cat1}} | F1E of MorlandGraham19000.1|mi|m|}}
cat2}} | F2S of Hill CityGraham19000.1|mi|m|}}
storm}} | F0S of EdmondGraham190010.9|mi|km|}}
storm}} | F0NE of Tampa to SW of HeringtonMarion, Dickinson044512.6|mi|km|}}
Colorado
cat1}} | F1W of JulesburgSedgwick20000.1|mi|m|}}
cat1}} | F1N of JulesburgSedgwick20000.1|mi|m|}}
storm}} | F0SW of Julesburg (1st tornado)Sedgwick22000.1|mi|m|}}
storm}} | F0SW of Julesburg (2nd tornado)Sedgwick22000.1|mi|m|}}
storm}} | F0NW of JulesburgSedgwick22000.1|mi|m|}}
Nebraska
cat2}} | F2NE of Mason CityCuster, Sherman, Valley20306.6|mi|km|}}Farm houses were destroyed and livestock were killed. Barns were leveled as well.
cat2}} | F2NW of GiltnerHamilton21006.6|mi|km|}}Tornado struck three farms, and roofs were torn off homes.
storm}} | F0S of PhillipsHamilton21004.1|mi|km|}}
cat1}} | F1NE of Rising City to NW of LinwoodButler210022.7|mi|km|}}Barns were destroyed on a dozen farms.
cat4}} | F4NW of Loup City to SW of OrdSherman, Valley211515|mi|km|}}11 deaths – Homes were completely leveled and a car was thrown a quarter mile through the air. Worst damage occurred near Arcadia, where a farm was swept away, killing a family of 10. Bodies were thrown up to half a mile away from the residence. Farm machinery was thrown as well.[2]
cat2}} | F2E of Scotia to SW of SpaldingGreeley220020.1|mi|km|}}
cat2}} | F2NE of OctaviaButler22006.9|mi|km|}}
cat3}} | F3NW of AlbionBoone22158|mi|km|}}A house was destroyed along with multiple barns. Paint was stripped from a tractor and livestock were killed.
storm}} | F0SE of UplandFranklin22309|mi|km|}}
cat1}} | F1E of MaconFranklin230015|mi|km|}}
cat2}} | F2SW of Battle Creek to S of PierceMadison230016.6|mi|km|}}
cat2}} | F2SW of Pierce to SW of LaurelPierce, Cedar230031|mi|km|}}Barns and outbuildings were destroyed on a dozen farms. Caused $31,000 in damage.
cat1}} | F1N of BreslauPierce23108.2|mi|km|}}
storm}} | F0SW of MartinsburgDixon23401.5|mi|km|}}
cat2}} | F2NW of BlairWashington00454.1|mi|km|}}
storm}} | F0S of HooperDodge01001|mi|km|}}Farm buildings and barns were destroyed.
South Dakota
storm}} | F0N of MitchellDavison23451.5|mi|km|}}
Iowa
cat2}} | F2NE of WestfieldPlymouth001511.3|mi|km|}}Barns were destroyed.
cat2}} | F2N of Ida Grove to E of FentonIda, Sac, Pocahontas, Kossuth013049.2|mi|km|}}Barns were destroyed
cat2}} | F2N of Gowrie to SW of OlafWebster, Hamilton, Wright030049|mi|km|}}A church was lifted up and set down again. Barns were destroyed as well.
cat3}} | F3W of Pomeroy to SE of BodeCalhoun, Pocahontas, Humboldt031530.7|mi|km|}}
cat2}} | F2NE of Winterset to E of WalfordMadison, Warren, Polk, Jasper, Poweshiek, Iowa, Johnson0315116|mi|km|}}Several barns were destroyed.
cat1}} | F1E of BoxholmBoone, Hamilton03302.3|mi|km|}}
Minnesota
cat1}} | F1SE of Trimont to SE of GroganMartin, Watonwan010019.1|mi|km|}}
Source: Tornado History Project – June 7, 1953 Storm Data(Grazulis, 1993)[2]

June 8 event

List of confirmed tornadoes — June 8, 1953
F#
Location
County
Time (UTC)
Path length
Damage
Michigan
cat4}} | F4NE of TemperanceMonroe23155.4|mi|km|}}4 deaths – 15 houses destroyed and 14 more damaged. Trucks and cars were hurled through the air.
cat3}} | F3SW of Ann ArborWashtenaw003011.3|mi|km|}}1 death – A large tree landed on one house. One house was leveled along with three barns.
cat3}} | F3W of MilfordLivingston, Oakland00309.1|mi|km|}}Caused damage to several buildings at the GM Proving Grounds 5 miles west of Milford.
cat2}} | F2E of Sand Lake to N of OscodaIosco004016.6|mi|km|}}4 deaths – Five vacation cabins were leveled, and six others were badly damaged. A double funnel was reported in Wilber Township. Rating disputed, ranked F3 by Grazulis.
cat3}} | F3S of SpruceAlcona01081.8|mi|km|}}Five large barns were destroyed and livestock were killed. Rated F2 by Grazulis.
cat5}} | F5N of Flushing to N of ColumbiavilleGenesee, Lapeer013018.9|mi|km|}}116 deaths – See section on this tornado
storm}} | F0SW of CasevilleHuron03000.1|mi|m|}}
cat4}} | F4N of Kings Mill to N of Port HuronLapeer, St. Clair033033.8|mi|km|}}1 death – Formed after the Flint tornado dissipated. Several homes and barns were blown away. One man was killed and several family members seriously injured near the St. Clair County line when their home was destroyed.
Ohio
cat4}} | F4N of Deshler to ClevelandHenry, Wood, Sandusky, Erie, Lorain, Cuyahoga0000118|mi|km|}}18 deaths – Was likely a tornado family according to Grazulis, with the first one (F4+) touching down near Deshler, and striking the north edge of Cygnet, where homes were swept away at possible F5 intensity, and 8 people were killed. This first tornado destroyed a steel and concrete bridge as it passed near Jerry City. The second tornado (F3) touched down east of Kimball, passed south of Ceylon and ended near Vermilion, destroying multiple homes along the path and killing one person. The third tornado (F3) touched down south of Elyria, and tore across west Cleveland. It killed 7 and destroyed at least 100 homes before moving offshore into Lake Erie.
Source: Tornado History Project – June 8, 1953 Storm Data, NCDC Storm Events Database, Grazulis 1993[2]

June 9 event

List of confirmed tornadoes — June 9, 1953
F#
Location
County
Time (UTC)
Path length
Damage
Massachusetts
cat4}} | F4W of Petersham to NE of FayvilleWorcester202534.9|mi|km|}}90 deaths – See section on this tornado
cat3}} | F3E of West Millbury to SE of FoxboroughWorcester, Norfolk, Bristol213028|mi|km|}}Cars and trucks were overturned and numerous trees were downed. Homes sustained roof and wall damage.
New Hampshire
cat3}} | F3N of ExeterRockingham21201.5|mi|km|}}Fifteen homes and businesses had their roofs torn off in the Jady Hill area. The Exeter Country Club lodge was destroyed.
cat1}} | F1W of South BerwickStrafford22001|mi|km|}}
Source: Tornado History Project – June 9, 1953 Storm Data, NCDC Storm Events Database, Grazulis 1993[2]

Flint tornado

{{Main article|1953 Flint–Beecher tornado}}

An F5 tornado hit Flint, Michigan on June 8, 1953.[3] The tornado moved east-northeast {{convert|2|mi|km}} north of Flushing and devastated the north side of Flint and Beecher. The tornado first descended about 8:30 p.m. on a humid evening near a drive-in movie theater that was flickering to life at twilight time. Motorists in the drive-in began to flee in panic, creating many auto accidents on nearby roads. The tornado dissipated near Lapeer, Michigan. Nearly every home was destroyed on both sides of Coldwater Road. Multiple deaths were reported in 20 families, and it was reported that papers from Flint were deposited in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, some sixty miles east of Flint. Large sections of neighborhoods were completely swept away, with only foundations left. Trees were debarked and vehicles were thrown and mangled. One hundred and sixteen were killed,[4] making it the tenth deadliest tornado in U.S. history.[5] The death toll was surpassed by the 2011 Joplin tornado.[6] It is also one of only two F5 tornadoes ever to hit in Michigan. Another F5 would hit in Hudsonville on April 3, 1956.[7]

Worcester tornado

{{Main article|1953 Worcester tornado}}

The storm system that created the Flint tornado moved eastward over southern Ontario and Lake Erie during the early morning hours of June 9. As radar was still primitive (or nonexistent) in 1953, inadequate severe weather predictions resulted. (Even during the Super Outbreak of April 3, 1974, weather radar was still not up to this task; that outbreak resulted in a technological upgrade.) The Weather Bureau in Buffalo, New York merely predicted thunderstorms and said that "a tornado may occur." As early as 10 A.M., however, the Weather Bureau in Boston anticipated the likelihood of tornadic conditions that afternoon but feared the word "tornado" would strike panic in the public, and refrained from using it. Instead, as a compromise, they issued New England's first-ever severe thunderstorm watch.[8]

Rain fell across Worcester County throughout the day on June 9.[9] In New York, a strong cluster of thunderstorms began to build, moving eastward into Massachusetts. At approximately 4:25 pm (EST), a funnel cloud formed near the Quabbin Reservoir near New Salem.[10] Very soon after, a tornado spawned from the funnel cloud, touching down in a forest outside of the rural community of Petersham. The tornado then proceeded to pass through a farm field, where it struck a farmhouse and killed two people. As the storm moved eastward at approximately 35 mph (58 km/h), it hit the towns of Rutland and Holden, where 11 people were killed in total.[8](Grazulis, 1993)[7]

At about 5:00 pm, the tornado moved into the city of Worcester, alarming many residents. According to eyewitness accounts, the storm moved in extremely quickly, shocking the townsfolk. "I saw it grow noticeably darker," said eyewitness George Carlson, "Then it hit. Houses tumbled, trees fell, and it was all over. The tornado was definitely discernible. Like when you can see the lines of rain in an approaching rainstorm," he added.[11] The tornado, which had grown to a mile (1.6 km) wide, destroyed several structures in Northern Worcester, including parts of Assumption College. Other major structures included a newly built factory and a large residential development. Residential areas were devastated, where entire rows of homes swept away at possible F5 intensity.[7]

The funnel maintained its 1-mile width as it passed throughout much of Shrewsbury, and still did a high amount of damage when it moved through downtown Westborough, where it began curving towards the northeast in its final leg.[12] In the storm's final moments, 3 were killed when Fayville Post Office in Southborough collapsed.[12] Around the time it ended 5:45 pm, a tornado warning was issued, although by then it was too late.[12]

Outbreak death toll
StateTotalCountyCounty
total
Massachusetts90Worcester90
Michigan125Genesee116
Iosco4
Monroe4
Washtenaw1
Nebraska11Valley11
Ohio17Cuyahoga6
Erie2
Henry5
Lorain1
Wood3
Totals247
All deaths were tornado-related

1953 tornado season in perspective

{{unref|section|date=June 2018}}

The year 1953 saw some of the deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history, including the Waco Tornado that hit on May 11, the Flint tornado of June 8, and the Worcester tornado on June 9. These 3 storms were also unique in occurring within a 30-day period.

Other severe tornadoes of 1953 hit Warner Robins, Georgia in April, San Angelo, Texas in May (same day as Waco), Port Huron, Michigan also in May, Cleveland in June (same day as Flint), and Vicksburg, Mississippi in December.

See also

  • List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • 2011 New England tornado outbreak, most recent in New England weather history

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=Russell S.|title=Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/schneider/otbrkseq.pdf|publisher=Storm Prediction Center|accessdate=13 February 2013|author2=Harold E. Brooks |author3=Joseph T. Schaefer |location=Norman, Oklahoma}}
2. ^http://www3.gendisasters.com/kansas/5276/arcadia,-ne-tornado-destroys-farm-house,-june-1953
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/1953beecher/torClimateIntroduction.php | title=Southeast Michigan Tornado Climatology |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate=2007-01-03 }}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/1953beecher/ | title=1953 Beecher Tornado |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate=2007-01-03 }}
5. ^{{cite web|title=The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/killers.html|publisher=National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center|accessdate=24 May 2011}}
6. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/05/24/national/main20065604.shtml | work=CBS News | title=Joplin, Mo., single deadliest tornado since 1950}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book | last = Grazulis | first = Thomas P | title = Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991 |date=July 1993 | publisher = The Tornado Project of Environmental Films | location = St. Johnsbury, VT | isbn = 1-879362-03-1 }}
8. ^1 {{cite book |last=O'Toole |first=John |authorlink= |title=Tornado! 84 Minutes, 94 Lives |url=https://books.google.gm/books?id=Gs5SPgAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate= September 16, 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=Chandler House Press |location= |isbn= |page=}}
9. ^Pletcher 2006 p. 155
10. ^http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/06/through_history_massachusetts.html
11. ^{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=James R.|title=Randall Street homes grim reminders of death, destruction|url=http://www.telegram.com/static/tornado/stories/randallstreet.html|accessdate=1 August 2010|newspaper=Worcester Telegram|date=June 10, 1953}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Chittick|first=William F.|title=The Worcester tornado: June 9, 1953|year=2003|publisher=W.F. Chittick|pages=19}}

Bibliography

  • Chittick, William F. (2003). The Worcester Tornado, June 9, 1953. Bristol, RI: Private Publication.
  • Chittick, William F. (2005). What Is So Rare As A Day In June: The Worcester Tornado, June 9, 1953. Bristol, RI: Multimedia Presentation.
  • O'Toole, John M. (1993). Tornado! 84 minutes, 94 lives. Worcester: Chandler House Press. {{ISBN|0-9636277-0-8}}
{{clear}}

Notes

{{Reflist|group=nb}}

External links

  • Full map of Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak Tornado History Project
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JPkBN3aUak Video interview of tornado survivor (and nurse) who tended to injured]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402075706/http://www.flint.lib.mi.us/gallery/beechertornado/index.shtml Beecher Tornado – Flint Public Library Archive]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311121109/http://www.mlive.com/fljournal/beecher/ Beecher Tornado – Flint Journal Beecher Tornado Anniversary]
  • 1953 Worcester Tornado Slideshow – City of Worcester
  • Worcester Telegram and Gazette site on Worcester tornado
  • The Worcester Tornado of 1953
  • June 7–9, 1953 — The Flint – Worcester Outbreak (Shawn Schuman)
  • Worcester, MA Terrible Tornado Death and Damage, June 1953 at GenDisasters.com
  • Flint and Other Towns, MI and OH Tornadoes, June 1953 at GenDisasters.com
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JPkBN3aUak A nurse who attended to victims describes the carnage and scene of the 1953 Flint tornado]
{{25 deadliest US tornadoes}}{{10 costliest US tornadoes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence}}

11 : F5 tornadoes|Tornadoes of 1953|Tornadoes in Massachusetts|Tornadoes in Michigan|Tornadoes in Nebraska|Tornadoes in Ohio|Tornadoes in New Hampshire|1953 natural disasters in the United States|History of Worcester, Massachusetts|Flint, Michigan|June 1953 events
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