词条 | Florida Territory |
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|native_name = |conventional_long_name = Territory of Florida |common_name = Florida Territory |nation = the United States |subdivision = Organized incorporated territory |coordinates = {{coord|30|N|83|W|display=title,inline}} |event_start = Organized by U.S. |date_start = March 30 |year_start = 1822 |event1 = |date_event1 = |year_event1 = |event_end = Statehood |date_end = March 3 |year_end = 1845 |event_pre = Adams–Onís Treaty |year_pre = 1821 |p1 = East Florida |flag_p1 = Flag of New Spain.svg |p2 = West Florida |flag_p2 = BandMercante1785.svg |s1 = Florida |flag_s1 = Flag of Florida.svg |s2 = |flag_s2 = |s3 = |flag_s3 = |image_flag = |image_coat = |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_map = United States 1822-1824.png |image_map_caption = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = |stat_year1 = |stat_area2 = |stat_pop2 = |stat_year2 = |capital = 1822–1824 St. Augustine (East Florida) Pensacola (West Florida) 1824–1845 Tallahassee |government_type = Organized incorporated territory |title_leader = Governor |leader1 = Andrew Jackson (military) |year_leader1 = 1821 |leader2 = William Pope Duval |year_leader2 = 1822–1834 |leader3 = John Eaton |year_leader3 = 1834–1836 |leader4 = Richard K. Call |year_leader4 = 1836–1839 |leader5 = Robert R. Reid |year_leader5 = 1839–1841 |leader6 = Richard K. Call John Branch |year_leader6 = 1841–1844 1844–1845 |title_deputy = |deputy1 = |year_deputy1 = |today={{flagu|United States}}
}} The Territory of Florida was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 30, 1822, until March 3, 1845, when it was admitted to the Union as the state of Florida. Originally the Spanish territory of La Florida, and later the provinces of East and West Florida, it was ceded to the United States as part of the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty.[1] It was governed by the Florida Territorial Council. BackgroundFlorida was encountered by Europeans in 1513 by Juan Ponce de León, who claimed the land as a possession of Spain. St. Augustine, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the continental U.S., was founded on the northeast coast of Florida in 1565. Florida continued to remain a Spanish possession until the end of the Seven Years' War when Spain ceded it to the Kingdom of Great Britain in exchange for the release of Havana. In 1783, after the American Revolution, Great Britain ceded Florida back to Spain under the provisions of the Peace of Paris.[2]{{rp|xvii}} The second term of Spanish rule was influenced by the nearby United States. There were border disputes along the boundary with the state of Georgia and issues of American use of the Mississippi. These disputes were supposedly solved in 1795 by the Treaty of San Lorenzo which, among other things, solidified the boundary of Florida and Georgia along the 31st parallel. However, as Thomas Jefferson had once predicted, the U.S. could not keep its hands off Florida.[2]{{rp|xviii–xix}} American involvement pre-1821{{See also|Republic of East Florida|Prospect Bluff Historic Sites|Seminole Wars#First Seminole War}}In 1812, United States forces and Georgia "patriots" under General George Mathews unsuccessfully invaded Florida to protect American interests.[3]{{rp|39}} The "Patriot War" was perceived as ill-advised by many Americans. President Madison withdrew his support and the Spanish authorities were promised a speedy exit of the American troops.[3]{{rp|39}} The Spanish government offered runaway slaves freedom if they converted to Catholicism and agreed to a term of military service. Under heavy pressure from the U.S., Spain reversed this policy in the later eighteenth century, to little effect. Slaves continued to flee to Florida, where they were sheltered by the Florida natives, called Seminoles by Americans. They lived in a semi-feudal system; the Seminoles gave the blacks protection, while the former slaves, who knew how to farm, shared crops with the natives. Although the escaped slaves were still considered inferior by the Seminoles, the two groups lived in harmony. The slaveholders in Georgia and the rest of the South became furious over this state of affairs as slaves continued to escape to Florida.[3]{{rp|18–22}} In 1818, after years of additional conflicts involving natives, fugitive slaves, and settlers, General Andrew Jackson wrote to President James Monroe, who had been inaugurated in March 1817, informing him that he was invading Florida. Jackson's force departed from Tennessee and marched down to the Florida panhandle. Spanish officers surrendered coastal fortifications at Fort San Marcos (also known as Fort St. Marks) in Florida Oriental; and about six weeks later, Fort Barrancas and Pensacola in Florida Occidental.[3]{{rp|50–54}} Adams–Onís Treaty{{main|Adams–Onís Treaty}}The Adams–Onís Treaty, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, was signed on February 22, 1819, by John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onís y González-Vara, but did not take effect until after it was ratified by Spain on October 24, 1820, and by the United States on February 19, 1821. The U.S. received Florida under Article 2 and inherited Spanish claims to the Oregon Territory under Article 3, while ceding all its claims on Texas to Spain under Article 3[2]{{rp|xi}} (with the independence of Mexico in 1821, Spanish Texas became Mexican territory), and pledged to indemnify up to $5,000,000 in claims by American citizens against Spain under Article 11.{{#tag:ref|The U.S. commission established to adjudicate claims considered some 1800 claims and agreed that they were worth $5,454,545.13. Since the treaty limited the payment of claims to $5 million, the commission reduced the amount paid out proportionately by 8⅓ percent.|group=note}} Under Article 15, Spanish goods received exclusive most favored nation tariff privileges in the ports at Pensacola and St. Augustine for twelve years. In Dorr v. United States (195 U.S. 138, 141–142 (1904)) Justice Marshall is quoted more extensively as follows:[4] The 6th article of the treaty of cession contains the following provision: Territorial Florida and the Seminole Wars{{main|Seminole Wars}}President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821, to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance.[5] Andrew Jackson served as the federal military commissioner with the powers of governor of the newly acquired territory, from March 10 through December 1821. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of what formerly constituted West Florida into the Florida Territory.[6] William Pope Duval became the first official governor of the Florida Territory and soon afterward the capital was established at Tallahassee, but only after removing a Seminole tribe from the land.[3]{{rp|63–74}} "His government palace for a time was a mere log house, and he lived on hunters' fare."[7] The central conflict of Territorial Florida was the Seminole inhabitants. The federal government and most white settlers desired all Florida Indians to migrate to the West. On May 28, 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act requiring all Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River.[3]{{rp|87}} The Act itself did not mean much to Florida, but it laid the framework for the Treaty of Payne's Landing, which was signed by a council of Seminole chiefs on May 9, 1832. This treaty stated that all Seminole inhabitants of Florida should be relocated by 1835, giving them three years. It was at this meeting that the famous Osceola first voiced his decision to fight.[3]{{rp|89–95}} Beginning in late 1835, Osceola and the Seminole allies began a guerrilla war against the U.S. forces.[3]{{rp|105–110}} Numerous generals fought and failed, succumbing to the heat and disease as well as lack of knowledge of the land. It was not until General Thomas Jesup captured many of the key Seminole chiefs, including Osceola who died in captivity of illness, that the battles began to die down.[3]{{rp|137–160}} The Seminoles were eventually forced to migrate. Florida joined the Union as the 27th state on March 3, 1845.[8] By this time, almost all of the Seminoles were gone, except for a small group living in the Everglades. See also{{Portal|Florida|History}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/crc/conhist/1838con.html |title=Florida Constitution of 1838 |publisher= Florida Constitution Revision Commission |accessdate=August 10, 2011}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Hubert Bruce Fuller|title=The purchase of Florida, its history and diplomacy (reprint)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HC0rAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=March 29, 2011|year=1964|publisher=University of Florida Press}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|author=Virginia Bergman Peters|title=The Florida wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCl-AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=March 29, 2011|date=April 1979|publisher=Archon Books|isbn=978-0-208-01719-2}} 4. ^Dorr v. United States, 195 U.S. 138 (1904) 5. ^"An Act for carrying into execution the treaty between the United States and Spain, concluded at Washington on the twenty-second day of February, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen" 6. ^"An Act for the establishment of a territorial government in Florida" 7. ^{{cite book|first=Washington|last=Irving|chapter=The Conspiracy of Neamathla|title=The Crayon Papers|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Crayon_Papers/The_Conspiracy_of_Neamathla|year=1820}} 8. ^"An Act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union" References{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}External links
12 : Florida Territory|1820s in Florida Territory|1822 establishments in Florida Territory|1822 establishments in the United States|1830s in Florida Territory|1830s in Florida|1840s in Florida Territory|1840s in Florida|1845 disestablishments in the United States|19th century in Florida|Former organized territories of the United States|Pre-statehood history of Florida |
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