| 词条 | Flåm | |||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Flåm |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Village |image_skyline = Aurlandsfjorden frå Snøvegen.jpg |image_caption = View of Aurlandsvangen and Flåm |pushpin_map = Sogn og Fjordane#Norway |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sogn og Fjordane county |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Norway |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Western Norway |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Sogn og Fjordane |subdivision_type3 = District |subdivision_name3 = Sogn |subdivision_type4 = Municipality |subdivision_name4 = Aurland |timezone1 = CET |utc_offset1 = +01:00 |timezone1_DST = CEST |utc_offset1_DST = +02:00 |postal_code_type = Post Code |postal_code = 5743 Flåm |elevation_footnotes = [1] |elevation_m = 59 |coordinates = {{coord|60|50|17|N|07|07|14|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} |population_as_of = 2014 |population_total = 350[2] }}Flåm is a village in Flåmsdalen, at the inner end of the Aurlandsfjorden—a branch of Sognefjorden. The village is located in the municipality of Aurland in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. In 2014 its inhabitants numbered 350.[3] NameThe name Flåm is documented as early as 1340 as Flaam. It is derived from the plural dative form of the Old Norse word flá meaning "plain, flat piece of land", and it refers to the flood plains of the Flåm River.[3][4] ("A plain between steep mountains" is the toponomy of the encyclopedia Store Norske Leksikon.) HistoryIn 1670 Flåm Church was built, replacing an older stave church. In 1923 the construction of the Flåm Line was financed by parliament.[5] (In 1908, the decision to build the line was made.[5]) In 1942 regular operation of (steam-powered) trains started on the Flåm Line.[5] "In the 1960s, cruise ships stayed on the fjord" [without reaching the port], according to Dagens Næringsliv.[6] In 2000, the "new pier" was referred to in a government document.[7] ("The pier was built at the entrance to the new millennium", according to Dagens Næringsliv.[6]{{when|date=July 2014}}) TransportationThe closest airport is Sogndal Airport, Haukåsen, approximately 70 kilometres from Flåm. The European route E16 highway between Oslo and Bergen runs through Flåm. The village is located along the European route E16 highway, about {{convert|7|km}} southwest of the municipal centre of Aurlandsvangen, {{convert|12|km}} south of the village of Undredal, and {{convert|15|km}} east of the village of Gudvangen (through the Gudvanga Tunnel). The navvy road, Rallarvegen stretches from Myrdal down to Flåm.[6] (Pedestrians and bicyclists still use it.) At Myrdal it connects with the navvy road for the previously built Bergen Line. TourismThe village of Flåm has since the late 19th century been a tourist destination. It currently receives almost 450,000 visitors a year. Most ride the {{convert|20|km|adj=on}} Flåm Line between Flåm and Myrdal, one of the steepest railway tracks at 1 in 18 (not counting rack railways) in the world. There are also a few spirals.[8] A former rail station building in Flåm now houses a museum dedicated to the Flåm railway. The harbour of Flåm receives some 160 cruise ships per year.[9] Complaints about and suggested curbs on tourismIn a 2005 Bergens Tidende article Kjetil Smørås (a hotel director and chairman of Fjord Norge said that "The cruise traffic pollutes more than several ten thousands of cars, and many of the worst ships sail up here (...) cruise tourists trod down the pristine Norwegian nature, and destroy the foundation for Vestlandet's four entries on Unesco's World Heritage lists".[10] In 2009 Jens Riisnæs (an author and NRK journalist) said "We have the world's most beautiful nation, we don't need to follow cruise operators' premisser. They can go other places with their polluting ships. It is unwanted noise."[10] In 2009 Dagens Næringsliv said that a report by Vestlandsforskning says that both "Flåm and Geiranger are nearing a limit in capacity. It might be an alternative and rather stand forth as a «relaxed», exclusive and somewhat less of a mass tourism, cruise destination."[10] In a 2014 Dagens Næringsliv article a farmer said that "Previously the smell of summer was that of grass that had been cut. Now [the smell] it is [of] tungolje" ["heavy-oil"].[6] Furthermore, "They [a retired couple] talk about fish that has disappeared from the fjord. In Norway cruise ships are permitted to dump overboard their greywater in the postcard-narrow fjord-arms.[6] Furthermore, the news article says that defecation in public by tourists, is already a problem; the village's train station has the only public toilets, and 200,000 tourists are expected in the summer season.[6] In 2014 tourism professor (professor i reiseliv) Arvid Viken said that "it is about time this [type of] tourism is evaluated somewhat more soberly than how it has been done in many municipalities for some years".[21] Furthermore, this tourism "has low profit per tourist, but is often associated with considerable costs for" the municipal administrations.[11] PeopleFlåm was the birthplace of the poet Per Sivle. Media galleryReferences1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Sogn_og_Fjordane/Aurland/Fl%C3%A5m/|title=Flåm|publisher=yr.no|language=Norwegian|accessdate=2010-09-05}} 2. ^https://www.dn.no/magasinet/2014/07/18/2202/Reportasje/drit-og-dra 3. ^{{cite web|title=Farm names in Flåm|url=http://suzuki.websitewelcome.com/~aurland8/index.php?page=farm-names|last=Brekke|first=Arne|accessdate=29 June 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609134627/http://suzuki.websitewelcome.com/~aurland8/index.php?page=farm-names|archivedate=9 June 2009|df=}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Norske gaardnavne: Nordre Bergenhus amt|edition=12|authorlink=Oluf Rygh|last=Rygh|first=Oluf|publisher=W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri|year=1919|location=Kristiania, Norge|page=115|url=http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/navnegransking/rygh_ng/rygh_bla.prl?enhid=189107&avid=42236&s=n|language=Norwegian}} 5. ^1 2 Flåmsbanen 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 DRIT OG DRA - Dritt på verandaen og fremmede i stua. Det kan stinke å bo midt i den norske turistløypa. Bonden Anders Fretheim i Flåm er så lei at han har kjøpt seg tilfluktssted på Stadt. [Shit and leave - Shit on the porch and strangers in the living room. Sometimes it can stink, to live in the middle of the tourist track. Farmer Anders Fretheim in Flåm has had enough, and he has purchased a place for refuge at Stadt.] 7. ^Åpning av Fretheim hotell [Opening of Fretheim Hotel] 8. ^{{cite news|title=Railways Illustrated|date=June 2007|page=67}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/templates/NTRDestinationArticle.aspx?id=172536|title=Key Facts on Flåm|publisher=VisitNorway.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017184011/http://www.visitnorway.com/templates/NTRDestinationArticle.aspx?id=172536|archivedate=2006-10-17|df=}} 10. ^1 2 [https://web.archive.org/web/20140727010737/http://www.dn.no/d2/reise/2009/06/19/strid-i-kjolvannet-av-cruiseturismen Strid i kjølvannet av cruiseturismen] 11. ^1 Uvelkomne cruisegjester [Unwelcome cruise guests] External links{{commons category|Flåm}}{{wikivoyage|Flåm}}
2 : Villages in Sogn og Fjordane|Aurland |
|||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。