“Advent”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Latin word {{lang|la|adventus}} is the translation of the Greek word parousia, commonly used to refer to the Second Coming of Christ. For Christians, the season of Advent anticipates the coming of Christ from three different perspectives. Philip H. Pfatteicher, formerly a professor at East Stroudsberg University, notes that "since the time of Bernard of Clairvaux (d.1153), Christians have spoken of the three comings of Christ: in the flesh in Bethlehem, in our hearts daily, and in glory at the end of time".^[2] The season offers the opportunity to share in the ancient longing for the coming of the Messiah, and to be alert for his Second Coming.

Advent is the beginning of the Western liturgical year. In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the Western Rite of the Orthodox Church, and in the Anglican, Lutheran, Moravian, Presbyterian, and Methodist calendars, Advent commences on the fourth Sunday before Christmas{{mdash}}the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew's Day ({{Nowrap|30 November}}). It can fall on any date between 27 November and 3 December. When Christmas Day is a Monday, Advent Sunday will fall on its latest possible date. ^[3] In the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite of the Catholic Church, Advent begins on the sixth Sunday before Christmas, the Sunday after St. Martin's Day ({{Nowrap|11 November}}).^[9]

Practices associated with Advent include keeping an Advent calendar, lighting an Advent wreath, praying an Advent daily devotional,^[1] erecting a Christmas tree or a Chrismon tree,^[1] lighting a Christingle,^[4] as well as other ways of preparing for Christmas, such as setting up Christmas decorations,^[5]^[6]^[7] a custom that is sometimes done liturgically through a hanging of the greens ceremony.^[8]^[9] The equivalent of Advent in Eastern Christianity is called the Nativity Fast, but it differs in length and observances, and does not begin the liturgical church year as it does in the West. The Eastern Nativity Fast does not use the equivalent parousia in its preparatory services.^[10]

History

It is not known when the period of preparation for Christmas that is now called Advent first began – it was certainly in existence from about 480 – and the novelty introduced by the Council of Tours of 567 was to order monks to fast every day in the month of December until Christmas.^[11] It is "impossible to claim with confidence a credible explanation of the origin of Advent".^[12]

Associated with Advent was a period of fasting, known also as the Nativity Fast or the Fast of December.^[13]

According to Saint Gregory of Tours the celebration of Advent began in the fifth century when the Bishop Perpetuus directed that starting with the feast of St. Martin, 11 November, until Christmas, one fasts three times per week; this is why Advent is also named Lent of St. Martin. This practice remained limited to the diocese of Tours until the sixth century.^[14]

But the Macon council held in 581 adopted the practice in Tours and soon all France observed three days of fasting a week from the feast of Saint Martin until Christmas. The most devout worshipers in some countries exceeded the requirements adopted by the Council of Macon, and fasted every day of Advent. The homilies of Gregory the Great in the late sixth century showed four weeks to the liturgical season of Advent, but without the observance of a fast.^[15] However, under Charlemagne in the ninth century, writings claim that the fast was still widely observed.

In the thirteenth century, the fast of Advent was not commonly practised although, according to Durand of Mende, fasting was still generally observed. As quoted in the bull of canonisation of St. Louis, the zeal with which he observed this fast was no longer a custom observed by Christians of great piety. It was then limited to the period from Saint Andrew until Christmas Day, since the solemnity of this apostle was more universal than that of St. Martin. When Pope Urban V ascended the papal seat in 1362, he simply forced people in his court to abstinence but there was no question of fasting. It was then customary in Rome to observe five weeks of Advent before Christmas. This is particularly discussed in the Sacramentary of St. Gregory. Ambrosian or Milan Liturgies have six.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The Greeks show no more real consistency; Advent was an optional fast that some begin on 15 November, while others begin on 6 December or only a few days before Christmas.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The liturgy of Advent remained unchanged until the Second Vatican Council, in 1963, introduced minor changes, differentiating the spirit of Lent from that of Advent, emphasising Advent as a season of hope for Christ's coming now as a promise of his Second Coming.^[16]

Traditions

The theme of readings and teachings during Advent is often the preparation for the Second Coming, while also commemorating the First Coming of Christ at Christmas. The first clear references in the Western Church to Advent occur in the Gelasian Sacramentary, which provides Advent Collects, Epistles, and Gospels for the five Sundays preceding Christmas and for the corresponding Wednesdays and Fridays.^[17] While the Sunday readings relate to the first coming of Jesus Christ as saviour as well as to his Second Coming as judge, traditions vary in the relative importance of penitence and expectation during the weeks in Advent.

Liturgical colours

Since approximately the 13th century, the usual liturgical colour in Western Christianity for Advent has been violet; Pope Innocent III declared black to be the proper colour for Advent, though Durandus of Saint-Pourçain claims violet has preference over black.^[18] The violet or purple colour is often used for hangings around the church, the vestments of the clergy, and often also the tabernacle. In some Christian denominations, blue, a colour representing hope, is an alternative liturgical colour for Advent, a custom traced to the usage of the Church of Sweden (Lutheran) and the medieval Sarum Rite in England. In addition, the colour blue is also used in the Mozarabic Rite (Catholic and Anglican), which dates from the 8th century. This colour is often referred to as "Sarum blue".

The Lutheran Book of Worship lists blue as the preferred colour for Advent while the Methodist Book of Worship and the Presbyterian Book of Common Worship identify purple or blue as appropriate for Advent. There has been an increasing trend in Protestant churches to supplant purple with blue during Advent as it is a hopeful season of preparation that anticipates both Bethlehem and the consummation of history in the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.^[19]

Proponents of this new liturgical trend argue that purple is traditionally associated with solemnity and somberness, which is fitting to the repentant character of Lent. The Roman Catholic Church retains the traditional violet.^[20] Blue is not generally used in Latin Catholicism,^[21] and where it does regionally, it has nothing to do with Advent specifically, but with veneration of the Blessed Virgin.^[22] However, on some occasions that are heavily associated with Advent, such as the Rorate Mass (but not on Sundays), white is used.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}

On the third Sunday of Advent, Gaudete Sunday, rose may be used instead, referencing the rose used on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent.^[23] A rose coloured candle in Western Christianity is referenced as a sign of joy (Gaudete) lit on the third Sunday of Advent.^[24]

During the Nativity Fast, red is used by Eastern Christianity, although gold is an alternative colour.^[25]

Music

Many churches also hold special musical events, such as Nine Lessons and Carols and singing of Handel's Messiah oratorio. Also, the Advent Prose, an antiphonal plainsong, may be sung. The "Late Advent Weekdays", {{Nowrap|17–24 December}}, mark the singing of the Great Advent 'O antiphons'.^[26] These are the daily antiphons for the Magnificat at Vespers, or Evening Prayer (in the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches) and Evensong in Anglican churches, and mark the forthcoming birth of the Messiah. They form the basis for each verse of the popular Advent hymn, "O come, O come, Emmanuel". German songs for Advent include "Es kommt ein Schiff, geladen" from the 15th century and "O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf", published in 1622. Johann Sebastian Bach composed several cantatas for Advent in Weimar, from Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 61, to Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147a, but only one more in Leipzig where he worked for the longest time, because there Advent was a silent time which allowed cantata music only on the first of the four Sundays.

During Advent, the Gloria of the Mass is omitted, so that the return of the angels' song at Christmas has an effect of novelty.^[27] Mass compositions written especially for Lent, such as Michael Haydn's Missa tempore Quadragesimae, in D minor for choir and organ, have no Gloria and so are appropriate for use in Advent.

Fasting

Bishop Perpetuus of Tours, who died in 490, ordered fasting three days a week from the day after Saint Martin's Day ({{Nowrap |11 November}}). In the 6th century, local councils enjoined fasting on all days except Saturdays and Sundays from Saint Martin's Day to Epiphany (the feast of baptism), a period of 56 days, but of 40 days fasting, like the fast of Lent. It was therefore called Quadragesima Sancti Martini (Saint Martin's Lent).^[28] This period of fasting was later shortened and called "Advent" by the Church.^[29]

In the Anglican and Lutheran churches this fasting rule was later relaxed. The Roman Catholic Church later abolished the precept of fasting (at an unknown date at the latest in 1917), later, but kept Advent as a season of penitence. In addition to fasting, dancing and similar festivities were forbidden in these traditions. On Rose Sunday, relaxation of the fast was permitted. Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches still hold the tradition of fasting for 40 days before Christmas.

Local rites

In England, especially in the northern counties, there was a custom (now extinct) for poor women to carry around the "Advent images", two dolls dressed to represent Jesus and the Blessed Virgin Mary. A halfpenny coin was expected from every one to whom these were exhibited and bad luck was thought to menace the household not visited by the doll-bearers before Christmas Eve at the latest.^[30]

In Normandy, farmers employed children under twelve to run through the fields and orchards armed with torches, setting fire to bundles of straw, and thus it was believed driving out such vermin as were likely to damage the crops.^[31]

In Italy, among other Advent celebrations is the entry into Rome in the last days of Advent of the Calabrian pifferari, or bagpipe players, who play before the shrines of Mary, the mother of Jesus: in Italian tradition, the shepherds played these pipes when they came to the manger at Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus.^[32]

In recent times the most common observance of Advent outside church circles has been the keeping of an advent calendar or advent candle, with one door being opened in the calendar, or one section of the candle being burned, on each day in December leading up to Christmas Eve. In many countries, the first day of Advent often heralds the start of the Christmas season, with many people opting to erect their Christmas trees and Christmas decorations on or immediately before Advent Sunday.^[7]

Since 2011, an Advent labyrinth consisting of 2500 tealights has been formed for the third Saturday of Advent in Frankfurt-Bornheim.^[33]^[34]

Advent wreath

The concept of the Advent wreath originated among German Lutherans in the 16th Century.^[35] However, it was not until three centuries later that the modern Advent wreath took shape.^[36] The modern Advent wreath, with its candles representing the Sundays of Advent, originated from an 1839 initiative by Johann Hinrich Wichern, a Protestant pastor in Germany and a pioneer in urban mission work among the poor. In view of the impatience of the children he taught as they awaited Christmas, he made a ring of wood, with nineteen small red tapers and four large white candles. Every morning a small candle was lit, and every Sunday a large candle. Custom has retained only the large candles.^[37]

The wreath crown is traditionally made of fir tree branches knotted with a red ribbon and decorated with pine cones, holly, laurel, and sometimes mistletoe. It is also an ancient symbol signifying several things; first of all, the crown symbolises victory, in addition to its round form evoking the sun and its return each year. The number four represents, in addition to the four weeks of Advent, the four seasons and the four cardinal virtues, and the green colour is a sign of life and hope. The fir tree is a symbol of strength and laurel a symbol of victory over sin and suffering. The latter two, with the holly, do not lose their leaves, and thus represent the eternity of God. The flames of candles are the representation of the Christmas light approaching and bringing hope and peace, as well as the symbol of the struggle against darkness. For Christians, this crown is also the symbol of Christ the King, the holly recalling the crown of thorns resting on the head of Christ.

The keeping of an Advent wreath is a common practice in homes or churches. The Advent wreath is traditionally placed on a table with four candles or, without candles, on the front door of the house as a welcome sign.^[38]

The Advent wreath is adorned with candles, usually three violet or purple and one pink, the pink candle being lit on the Third Sunday of Advent, called Gaudete Sunday after the opening word, Gaudete, meaning "Rejoice", of the entrance antiphon at Mass. Some add a fifth candle (white), known as the Christ Candle, in the middle of the wreath, to be lit on Christmas Eve or Day.^[48]

The candles added to the wreath crown symbolise, in one interpretation, the great stages of salvation before the coming of the Messiah; the first is the symbol of the forgiveness granted to Adam and Eve, the second is the symbol of the faith of Abraham and of the patriarchs who believe in the gift of the Promised Land, the third is the symbol of the joy of David whose lineage does not stop and also testifies to his covenant with God, and the fourth and last candle is the symbol of the teaching of the prophets who announce a reign of justice and peace. Or they symbolise the four stages of human history; creation, the Incarnation, the redemption of sins, and the Last Judgment.^[39]

In Orthodox churches there are sometimes wreaths with six candles, in line with the six-week duration of the Nativity Fast/Advent.

In Sweden, white candles, symbol of festivity and purity, are used in celebrating Saint Lucy's Day, 13 December, which always falls within Advent.

Four Sundays

In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the readings of Mass on the Sundays of Advent have distinct themes:^[40]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/ReardonAdvent.php|title=Fr. Patrick Henry Reardon -- The Origins of Advent|first=Articles on moral / morality from Orthodox Christian|last=perspective.|website=orthodoxytoday.org|accessdate=15 November 2017}}
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=hfVdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP42&dq=Ambrosian+Advent&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gWOaVP3QKqqy7Qbg_4GgDg&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Ambrosian%20Advent&f=false Pfatteicher, Philip H., "Journey into the Heart of God: Living the Liturgical Year", Oxford University Press, 2013] {{ISBN|9780199997145}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.osv.com/MyFaith/ChurchSeasonsandFeasts/Advent.aspx|title=Our Sunday Visitor Catholic Publishing Company > My Faith > Church Seasons and Feasts > Advent|first=Our Sunday Visitor Catholic Publishing|last=Company|website=osv.com|accessdate=15 November 2017}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Geddes|first1=Gordon|last2=Griffiths|first2=Jane|title=Christianity|year=2001|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=978-0-435-30695-3|page=99|quote=Many churches hold Christingle services during Advent. Children are given a Christingle.adaa}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=The Lutheran Witness|volume=80|year=1961|publisher=Concordia Publishing House}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Michelin|first=|title=Germany Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013|quote=Advent – The four weeks before Christmas are celebrated by counting down the days with an advent calendar, hanging up Christmas decorations and lightning an additional candle every Sunday on the four-candle advent wreath.|date=10 October 2012|publisher=Michelin |isbn=9782067182110|page=73}}
7. ^¹{{cite book|title=Modern Christmas|last=Normark|first=Helena|year=1997|publisher=Graphic Garden|quote=Christmas in Sweden starts with Advent, which is the await for the arrival of Jesus. The symbol for it is the Advent candlestick with four candles in it, and we light one more candle for each of the four Sundays before Christmas. Most people start putting up the Christmas decorations on the first of Advent.}}
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Rodney Wallace|last2=Hatch|first2=Derek C|title=Baptists at Work in Worship|date=27 August 2013|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-62189-843-6|page=147|quote=There are a variety or worship practices that enable a congregation to celebrate Advent: lighting an advent wreath, a hanging of the greens service, a Chrismon tree, and an Advent devotional booklet.}}
9. ^{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Howard L.|last2=Huffstutler|first2=James C.|title=Reformed Worship|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-50147-1|page=197|quote=Another popular activity is the "Hanging of the Greens," a service in which the sanctuary is decorated for Christmas.}}
10. ^{{cite web |url = http://kevinbasil.com/2012/11/14/four-reasons-its-not-advent/|title=Four Reasons It's Not 'Advent.'|publisher=Kevin (Basil) Fritts| accessdate = 29 September 2014}}
11. ^[https://archive.org/stream/liturgicalyear01gura#page/22/mode/2up Prosper Guéranger, The Liturgical Year: Advent (Dublin, James Duffy, 1870), pp. 23–25]
12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=vRLJKonMfwQC&pg=PA2 J. Neil Alexander, "Advent"] in Paul F. Bradshaw, New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship (Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-33404932-6}}), p. 2
13. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmpZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357 |last=Bingham|first=Joseph|title=The Antiquities of the Christian Church |accessdate=20 December 2014|year=1726 |publisher=Robert Knaplock |page=357}}
14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=2fgUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA137|title=Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs, revue et collationnée et tr. par mm. J. Guadet et Taranne|last=Tours.)|first=Gregory (st, bp of|date=1836|language=fr}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://infocatho.cef.fr/fichiers_html/liturgie/aventhistoire.htm|title=L'AVENT prépare NOEL – Le développement historique|website=infocatho.cef.fr|language=French|trans-title=Advent prepares for Christmas – Historical development|accessdate=15 November 2017}}
16. ^Origines et raison de la liturgie catholique, 1842 – Published in La France pittoresque, 2012.
17. ^The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church [Ed. F.L.Cross, 2nd ed., O.U.P., 1974]" p. 19.
18. ^Kellner, K. A. H. (1908). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4gMPAAAAQAAJ&dq=black%20vestments%20during%20advent%20history&pg=PA430#v=onepage&q=black%20vestments%20during%20advent%20history&f=false Heortology: A History of the Christian Festivals from Their Origin to the Present Day] Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co Limited. p. 430.
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cresourcei.org/cyadvent.html |title=The Season of Advent – Anticipation and Hope |publisher=CRI/Voice, Institute |accessdate=14 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202013406/http://www.cresourcei.org/cyadvent.html |archivedate=2 February 2010 }}
20. ^GIRM, 346 d.
21. ^GIRM, 346-347
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/liturgy/zlitur315.htm|title=Blue Liturgical Vestments|website=ewtn.com|accessdate=21 November 2017}}
23. ^GIRM, 346 f.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://newadvent.org/cathen/06394b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gaudete Sunday|website=newadvent.org|access-date=10 December 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web|url = http://aggreen.net/vestment/liturgical_colors.html |title=Liturgical Vestment Colors of the Orthodox Church |publisher= Aggreen | accessdate = 14 December 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091208065929/http://aggreen.net/vestment/liturgical_colors.html | archivedate= 8 December 2009 | deadurl = no}}
26. ^{{Citation | last = Saunders | first = William | url = http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0374.html | contribution = What are the 'O Antiphons'? | title = Catholic Education | accessdate = 30 November 2009}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XRjAyL8LogC&pg=PA91&dq=Advent+Gloria+omitted&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EmCaVKftBOfe7AbMvYDgDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Advent%20Gloria%20omitted&f=false |title=Clement A. Miles, Christmas Customs and Traditions (Courier Corporation 1912), p. 91 |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2017-11-18 |accessdate=2019-01-14}}
28. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?id=hfVdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP42 Philip H. Pfatteicher, Journey into the Heart of God] (Oxford University Press) 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-19999714-5}}
29. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517764/Saint-Martins-Lent |title = Saint Martin's Lent |work = Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate= 4 December 2013 }}
30. ^{{Citation | title = The book of days: a miscellany of popular antiquities in connection with the calendar | place = Philadelphia | year = 1864 | editor-first = Robert | editor-last = Chambers | volume = 2 | pages = 724–5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VEcJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
31. ^{{Citation | contribution = 5 December: Advent in Normandy | author-link = William Hone | first = William | last = Hone | title = The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information | place = London | publisher = Thomas Tegg | year = 1832 | url = http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Text/Hone/december_5_advent_in_normandy.htm | accessdate = 2 May 2010}}
32. ^{{Citation | title = Christmas customs and traditions, their history and significance | first = Clement A | last = Miles | page = 112 | isbn = 978-0-486-23354-3}}
33. ^{{cite web | url = https://meditationszentrum.bistumlimburg.de/veranstaltungen.html?anmeldung=9075 | publisher = Heilig Kreuz – Zentrum für christliche Meditation und Spiritualität | title = Terminanmeldung – Meditation und Gestaltung eines Adventslabyrinths (=Appointment – Meditation and design of an Advent labyrinth) | language = German | year = 2016 | accessdate = 23 December 2016 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161223153520/https://meditationszentrum.bistumlimburg.de/veranstaltungen.html?anmeldung=9075 | archivedate = 23 December 2016 | df = dmy-all }}
34. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.facebook.com/186203041583853/photos/a.188369264700564.1073741828.186203041583853/585136851690468/?type=3&theater | author = Stefanie Matulla | publisher = Referat für Mädchen- und Frauenarbeit des Bistums Limburg (=Department for Girls' and Women's Work of the Diocese of Limburg) | title = Das "Türchen" zum 3. Advent (=The "door" to the 3rd Advent) | language = German | date = 11 December 2016 | accessdate = 24 December 2016}}
35. ^{{cite book|last=Colbert|first=Teddy|title=The Living Wreath|year=1996|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-0-87905-700-8|quote=It is believed that the European advent wreath began as a Lutheran innovation in the sixteenth century.}}
36. ^{{cite book|last=Mosteller |first=Angie |title=Christmas, Celebrating the Christian History of Classic Symbols, Songs and Stories|date=2010-05-15|publisher=Holiday Classics Publishing|isbn=0-9845649-0-X|quote=The first clear association with Advent is generally attributed to German Lutherans in the 16th century. However, another three centuries would pass before the modern Advent wreath took shape. Specifically, a German theologian and educator by the name of Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808–1881) is credited with the idea of lighting an increasing number of candles as Christmas approached.|page=167}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.medienwerkstatt-online.de/lws_wissen/vorlagen/showcard.php?id=4506|title=Johann Hinrich Wichern – Der Erfinder des Adventskranzes|language=German|publisher=medienwerkstatt-online.de/|access-date=11 December 2017}}
38. ^{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.teteamodeler.com/dossier/noel/couronne-avent.asp|title=How to prepare an Advent Wreath|language=fr|access-date=29 October 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hic.hr/bozic-hrvata01.htm|title=Božić u Hrvata|website=hic.hr|language=hr|trans-title=Christmas in Croatia|access-date=29 October 2017}}
40. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://catholic-resources.org/Lectionary/Seasons-Advent-Christmas.htm |title=Felix Just, "Resources for Liturgy and Prayer for the Seasons of Advent and Christmas" |publisher=Catholic-resources.org |date=2018-05-04 |accessdate=2019-01-14}}
41. ^Advent {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317153104/http://www.stpaulskingsville.org/advent.htm |date=17 March 2013 }}, St. Paul's Lutheran Church, Kingsville, MD
42. ^{{Citation | title = Growing in faith | url = http://www.elca.org/Growing-In-Faith/Worship/Learning-Center/FAQs/Advent-Wreath.aspx | contribution = Advent wreath | type = FAQ | publisher = Evangelical Lutheran Church in America}}
43. ^Oxford English Dictionary. Second edition, 1989 (first published in New English Dictionary, 1917). In the Roman Catholic Church since 1969, and in most Anglican churches since at least 2000, the final Sunday of the liturgical year before Advent is celebrated as the Feast of Christ the King. This feast is now also widely observed in many Protestant churches, sometimes as the Reign of Christ.
44. ^{{Cite news|url=https://odb.org/2011/12/01/advent-themes/|title=Advent Themes|date=December 2011|work=Our Daily Bread|access-date=10 December 2017}}
45. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.reformedworship.org/article/september-1993/circle-light-four-themes-use-advent-wreath|title=Circle of Light: Four themes for use with the Advent wreath|last=Hoffman|first=Jan Luben|date=September 1993|website=Reformed Worship|access-date=10 December 2017}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeway.com/Article/devotions-christmas-advent-week-one-faith|title=Advent Devotional (Week 1): Faith|last=Tullos|first=Matt|date=1 December 2017|website=lifeway.com|access-date=10 December 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125034256/http://www.lifeway.com/Article/devotions-christmas-advent-week-one-faith|archivedate=25 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}