词条 | Foreign relations of Albania | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The foreign relations of Albania are its relations with other governments and peoples. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. The current minister is de jure Prime Minister Edi Rama thanks to president Ilir Meta not accepting the role to be held by the de facto minister, Gent Cakaj, due to a lack of experience from the latter. Albania is a sovereign country in Southern Europe, and the Mediterranean that declared its independence on 28 November 1912. Its foreign policy, has maintained a policy of complementarism by trying to have friendly relations with all countries. Since the collapse of Communism in 1990, Albania has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other nations around the world. The main factors defining Albanian foreign policy consist of geopolitical location, population, economic crisis, and ties with Albanian diaspora throughout the world. Albania entertains diplomatic relations with 115 countries in the world. It also maintains strong diplomatic relations with the Balkan countries, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The main objectives of the Albanian foreign policy are, the Accession of Albania to the European Union, the International recognition of Kosovo, the recognition of Expulsion of Cham Albanians,[1] helping and protecting of the rights the Albanians in Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, southern Serbia, Italy, and the Albanian diaspora. OverviewThe government of Albania was concerned with the developments in neighboring Kosovo, particularly in the post-Dayton agreement period. During the Kosovo War in 1999 as well as the ethnic cleansing of Albanians by Serbs alongside the subsequent refugee influx into the country, Albania's status as an ally of the United States was confirmed.[2] Albania emerged as being generally supportive of the United States.[2] The support for the United States has remained high at 95% in Muslim majority (56% of the population) Albania in contrast to the rest of the Islamic world.[2] During the post-cold war, geo-political complexities and conflicts in the Balkans, made Albania seek a protector power with Turkey, which is a NATO member.[5] During the 1990s, state relations between Albania and Turkey were marked by high level visits, military agreements and the deployment of Turkish soldiers.[6][5][8] An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed on 29 July 1992.[6][5] The military agreement entailed education and training of personnel, bilateral cooperation in weapons production, joint military exercises, the exchange of military delegations and joint commissions on expanding further military ties into the future.[5] The agreement also encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base in the Bay of Vlorë on the Ionian sea by Turkey, in return for granting Turkey's access and use.[12][8] Turkey has trained the Albanian Armed Forces, in particular officers and commando units.[6][3][4] During civil war in 1997, Turkey alongside other countries, participated in Operation Alba by providing a brigade of 800 Turkish troops to restore order and its involvement served mainly as a stabilising force.[6][5] Turkey considers its friendship with Albania as important due to the context of state relations with Greece and through policy have exploited difficulties arising in Albanian-Greek relations.[6][7] Having a powerful ally in Turkey has suited Albania at times regarding difficult interstate relations with Greece.[8] Albania's emergence in the Balkans as a key NATO partner contributed to good and stronger Albanian-Turkish relations, in particular relating to military matters.[9] The military alliance during the 1990s between Turkey and Albania was also aimed against Serbia in case a war over Kosovo had a wider regional spread.[10] Greece has expressed concerns regarding Turkish relations with Albania and interpreted them as an anti-Greek measure to isolate Greece within the wider context of Albania being a potential outlet for expanding Muslim influence and Turkey allying with Muslim populations in the Balkans.[11][12][13] Turkey on the other hand claimed Greece increased tensions within the region and conveyed concerns relating to Albanian and Greek polemics with Ankara expressing a partial bias on Albania's side angering the Greeks.[27] Greece, aware of Albanian-Turkish military agreements denounced Turkey's interference in Greek affairs.[14] Though not officially considered in Turkey as a rival within Albania, during the unrest of 1997 Greece was able to become an influential actor in Albania and the early period of the Kosovo crisis (1998-1999) when Albanian officials looked to Greece for assistance.[15] The resumption of closer Albanian-Turkish relations ensured during the Kosovo crisis that made both countries act along the same policy lines toward Slobodan Milošević and the issue of Greater Serbia.[16] Turkey supported Albania's membership to become part of NATO.[6] Military cooperation between Albania and Turkey is viewed by NATO as a stabilising factor within the volatile region of the Balkans.[17] Albania has come to depend heavily on Turkish assistance and a high amount of military security.[11] Turkey remains for Albania an important military ally alongside the U.S.[34] Through its military personal Turkey continues to train Albanian armed forces and also to provide assistance in logistics and modernisation efforts of the Albanian military.[18][19] Radar systems for the surveillance of Albanian airspace in addition to telecommunication equipment have been supplied by Turkey to Albania.[20] Albania receives Turkish assistance for police training.[16] Turkey has continuously supported Albania from the 1990s on EU related matters as both countries view EU membership as an eventual final goal and common objective.[21] State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania.[22][23][24][25][44][26][6] Turkey has been supportive of Albanian geopolitical interests within the Balkans.[27][28][29] In Gallup polls conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a friendly country by 73% of people in Albania.[30] Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with Arab Persian Gulf states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share.[31] Albania is also working to develop socio-political and economic ties with Israel.[32] After the fall of the Albanian communist regime in 1991, relations between Greece and Albania became increasingly strained because of widespread allegations of mistreatment by Albanian authorities of the Greek ethnic minority in southern Albania and of the Albanian communities in northern Greece. A wave of Albanian illegal economic migrants to Greece exacerbated tensions. The crisis in Greek–Albanian relations reached its peak in late August 1994, when an Albanian court sentenced five members (a sixth member was added later) of the ethnic Greek political party Omonia to prison terms on charges of undermining the Albanian state. Greece responded by freezing all EU aid to Albania, and sealing its border with Albania. In December 1994, however, Greece began to permit limited EU aid to Albania, while Albania released two of the Omonia defendants and reduced the sentences of the remaining four. {{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} There are still other impending issues in the relations between the two countries, regarding many Albanian workers in Greece who have not received legal papers despite promises by the Greek government. In 1996, the two countries signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship and discussed the issues of the status of Albanian refugees in Greece and education in the mother tongue for the ethnic Greek minority in southern Albania. In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests.[33] The government of Fatos Nano was viewed by Turkey as having a pro-Greek orientation and expressed some dissatisfaction though during that time still maintained close military relations with Albania in rebuilding its armed forces and a military base.[34] Today, as result of very frequent high-level contacts between the governments and the parliaments, relations between the two countries are regarded as cordial. Greece is a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania. Since Albania's NATO entry in May 2009, the Albanian-Greek relations have been developing on all fronts, and especially after the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013,[35] with the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, Ralf Gjoni, describing the diplomatic relations between two countries as "excellent". Greece today is Albania's most important European Union ally and NATO partner.[36] At the Albanian government’s request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring of the Albanian Armed Forces, as part of the NATO programme. Big projects currently in running between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline shared between the two countries, and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which helped boosting the relations of the two countries even further.
The Albanian government supports the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside of its borders but has downplayed them to further its primary foreign policy goal of regional cooperation; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks full recognition of the declared independence from Serbia; Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia claim discrimination in education, access to public-sector jobs, and representation in government.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} A handful of Albanian troops have participated in the U.S.-led military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[37] Albanian policy is very favorable to that of the United States and European Union. The $30 million Albanian-American Enterprise Fund (AAEF), launched in 1994, is actively making debt and equity investments in local businesses. {{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} AAEF is designed to harness private sector efforts to assist in the economic transformation. U.S. assistance priorities include promotion of agricultural development and a market economy, advancement of democratic institutions (including police training), and improvements in quality of life. RelationsCountries{{multiple image|align = right |total_width = 230 |direction = vertical |image1 = Diplomatic_missions_of_Albania.png |width1 = 200 |height1 = |image2 = Diplomatic_missions_in_Albania.png |width2 = 200 |height2 = |footer = Maps showing the countries with diplomatic relations in and of Albania.}}Albania currently has diplomatic relations with 115:[38] Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Equatorial Guinea, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Ghana, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kosovo, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Libya, Lebanon, Mexico, Madagascar, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Nigeria, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Poland, Portugal, the People's Republic of China, Pakistan, the State of Palestine, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, South Korea, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, South Africa, Turkey, Thailand, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Uganda, the United States, Uruguay, Panama, Peru, Yemen, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Albania also maintains very good relations with the European Union. The nation is since 2009 also a full member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). OrganizationsAlbania is member in these international organizations:[39]NATO, BSEC, Council of Europe, Central European Initiative, CCC, EAPC, EBRD, Energy Community, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IPU, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MINGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO and WTO. Diplomatic relationsAfrica
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Former countries
Multilateral
See also{{Portal|Albania}}
References1. ^Konferencë për shtyp e Ministrit të Punëve të Jashtme z. Panariti lidhur me vizitën e fundit në Greqi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania, 2012-10-06 (in Albanian) 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Bogdani|first=Mirela|last2=Loughlin|first2=John|title=Albania and the European Union: the tumultuous journey towards integration and accession|year=2007|location=London|publisher=IB Tauris|url=https://books.google.com/?id=32Wu8H7t8MwC&pg=PA81&dq=Enver+Hoxha+Islam+Albania#v=onepage&q=Enver%20Hoxha%20Islam%20Albania&f=false|isbn=9781845113087|pages=191|ref=harv}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Larrabee|first=F. Stephen|last2=Lesser|first2=Ian O.|title=Turkish foreign policy in an age of uncertainty|year=2003|location=Santa Monica|publisher=Rand Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ETDGafGb0usC&pg=PR3&dq=albania+foreign+policy+Turkey#v=onepage&q=albania&f=false|isbn=9780833034045|pages=94|ref=harv}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Sayari|first=Sabri|title=Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-Regionalism|jstor=24357694|journal=Journal of International Affairs|volume=54|issue=1|year=2000|pages=178–179|ref=harv}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Soler i Lecha|first=Eduard|chapter=Turkey's potential (and controversial) contribution to the Global 'Actorness' of the EU|editor1-last=Güney|editor1-first=Nurşin Ateşoğlu|title=Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=9781409498070|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=lMqy5_74sFsC&pg=PA41&dq=Albania+turkey+ties#v=onepage&q=Albania%20turkey%20ties&f=false|pages=41|ref=harv}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Ağir|first=Bülent Sarper|last2=Arman|first2=Murat Necip|chapter=Turkish foreign policy towards the Western Balkans in the Post War Era: Political and Security Dimensions|editor1-last=Demir|editor1-first=Sertif|title=Turkey's Foreign Policy and Security Perspectives in the 21st Century|year=2016|publisher=Brown Walker Press|isbn=9781627345866|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=sF-8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Turkey+Albania+ally#v=onepage&q=Albania%20close&f=false|pages=149–150|ref=harv}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Constantinides|first=Stephanos|title=Turkey the emergence of a new foreign policy the neo-Ottoman imperial model|url=http://search.proquest.com/openview/dc83a72faca154d8ee9db292ff04f9d5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816656|journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology|volume=24|issue=2|year=1996|pages=329|ref=harv}} "The Turkish policy exploited the difficulties between Albania and Greece but also the fact that Islam is the main religion of the country. Furthermore, close relations with Albania were encouraged by the Americans and Europeans considering the Turkish presence in the area as a factor of stability." 8. ^{{cite book|last=Deliso|first=Christopher|title=The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West|year=2007|location=Westport|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-7dq8mi0DWkC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780275995256|pages=38|ref=harv}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Karaosmanoğlu|first=Ali|chapter=Turkey Southeastern Europe and Russia|editor1-last=Blitz|editor1-first=Brad K.|title=War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation|year=2006|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521677738|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=Mvjm82mAKfkC&pg=PA192&dq=Albania+Turkey+cold+war+relations#v=onepage&q=Albania%20Turkey%20cold%20war%20relations&f=false|pages=192|ref=harv}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Vickers|first=Miranda|title=Between Serb and Albanian: a History of Kosovo|year=1998|location=New York|publisher=Hurst and Company|isbn=9780231113823|url=https://books.google.com/?id=S41pAAAAMAAJ&dq=Between+Serb+and+Albanian%3A+A+History+of+Kosovo&q=relinquish|pages=xvi|ref=harv}}. "But the essential factor is that Kosovo borders on the Republic of Albania which is militarily allied with Turkey against Serbia, and the mountains separating the Kosovo plain from Albania and from Macedonia are the only natural protection in case of conflict with these countries." 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last=Xhudo|first=Gazmen|title=Diplomacy and crisis management in the Balkans: A US foreign policy perspective|year=1996|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|url=https://books.google.com/?id=saO-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Albania+turkey+ties#v=onepage&q=Albania%20turkey%20ties&f=false|isbn=9781349249473|pages=50–53|ref=harv}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Sönmezoğlou|first=Faruk|last2=Gülden|first2=Ayman|chapter=The roots of conflict and the dynamics of change in Turkish-Greek relations|editor1-last=Kollias|editor1-first=Chrēstos G.|editor2-last=Günlük-Şenesen|editor2-first=Gülay|editor3-last=Ayman|editor3-first=Gülden|title=Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict Or Cooperation, a Political Economy Perspective|year=2003|location=New York|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=9781590337530|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=E_e4CT57tZYC&pg=PA38&dq=Albania+turkey+ties#v=onepage&q=Albania%20turkey%20ties&f=false|pages=38|ref=harv}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Hodge|first=Carole|chapter=Albania, Italy and Greece: Some geopolitical considerations|editor1-last=Blitz|editor1-first=Brad K.|title=War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation|year=2006|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521677738|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=Mvjm82mAKfkC&pg=PA192&dq=Albania+Turkey+cold+war+relations#v=onepage&q=Albania%20Turkey%20cold%20war%20relations&f=false|pages=229|ref=harv}} 14. ^1 {{harvnb|Xhudo|1995|pp=132–133}}. "Turkish links with Albania... Greece felt that Turkey was allying itself with the area's Muslims (perhaps with aims to revive the heyday of the Ottomans) and seeking to isolate Greece. Turkey denied those charges and claimed that Greece was exacerbating tensions in the Balkans. Given its historic ties to Albania, coupled with the positive relations established between Turkey and Albania, Ankara has begun to express concern over the polemics between Greece and Albania. Turkey has voiced such concern with slight bias on Albania's behalf much to the anger of the Greeks. Greece, aware of military treaties between Turkey and Albania naturally denounced Turkey's meddling in Greek affairs souring regional relations further." 15. ^{{harvnb|Ekinci|2013|pp=193, 195–196}}. 16. ^1 {{harvnb|Ekinci|2013|p=196}}. 17. ^{{harvnb|Ekinci|2013|p=193}}. 18. ^{{harvnb|Bishku|2013|pp=95–96}}. 19. ^{{harvnb|Ekinci|2013|pp=196, 201}}. 20. ^{{harvnb|Ekinci|2013|p=201}}. 21. ^{{harvnb|Ekinci|2013|p=191}}. 22. ^1 {{cite report|title=Return to Instability: How migration and great power politics threaten the Western Balkans|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR_163_RETURN_TO_INSTABILITY.pdf|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|date=2015|pages=5, 9–11|ref=Return to Instability}} 23. ^{{cite book|last=Schmidt-Neke|first=Michael|chapter=A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system|editor1-last=Pichler|editor1-first=Robert|title=Legacy and Change: Albanian Transformation from Multidisciplinary Perspectives|year=2014|location=Münster|publisher=LIT Verlag|isbn=9783643905666|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=lNqnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=Serbian+historiography+Islamization#v=onepage&q=xhaxhi&f=false|pages=15|ref=harv}} 24. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html | title=Albanians in Turkey celebrate their cultural heritage | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031102644/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html | archivedate=31 October 2015 | work=Today's Zaman | date=21 August 2011 | accessdate=17 July 2015}} 25. ^{{cite web | last=Tabak | first=Hüsrev | date=3 March 2013 | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_albanian-awakening-the-worm-has-turnedby-husrev-tabak-_308705.html | title=Albanian awakening: The worm has turned! | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717210057/http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_albanian-awakening-the-worm-has-turnedby-husrev-tabak-_308705.html | archivedate=17 July 2015 | work=Today's Zaman | accessdate=17 July 2015}} 26. ^"Genci Muçaj: Albania enjoys magnificent relations with Turkey {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903030421/http://www.kohajone.com/index.php/english/genci-mucaj-albania-enjoys-magnificent-relations-with-turkey |date=September 3, 2015 }}". Koha Jonë. 14 Mars 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. 27. ^1 {{harvnb|Petrović|Reljić|2011|pp=162, 166, 169}}. 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |last=Uzgel |first=Ilhan |chapter= The Balkans: Turkey's Stabilizing role |editor1-last= Rubin |editor1-first= Barry |editor2-last= Kirişci |editor2-first= Kemal |title= Turkey in world politics: An emerging multiregional power |year=2001 |location= London |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn= 978-1555879549 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/?id=M01_djppi18C&pg=PA55&dq=Albania+NATO+Turkey+membership#v=onepage&q=Albania%20NATO%20Turkey%20membership&f=false |pages= 54–56 |ref=harv}} 29. ^{{harvnb|Bishku|2013|pp=97–99}}. 30. ^{{harvnb|Petrović|Reljić|2011|p=170}}. 31. ^{{harvnb|Bishku|2013|pp=99–101}}. 32. ^{{harvnb|Bishku|2013|pp=101–103}}. 33. ^{{cite book|last=Konidaris|first=Gerasimos|chapter=Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania|editor1-last=King|editor1-first=Russell|editor2-last=Schwandner-Sievers|editor2-first=Stephanie |title=The new Albanian migration|year=2005|location=Brighton|publisher=Sussex Academic|isbn=9781903900789|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=05Mw4-b9oN0C|ref=harv}} pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made." 34. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Lani|first=Remzi|last2=Schmidt|first2=Fabian|title=Albanian foreign policy between geography and history|journal=The International Spectator|volume=33|issue=2|pages=79|year=1998|ref=harv|doi=10.1080/03932729808456809}} p. 90. "In a broader Balkan context, Turkey has always seen the Albanians as its natural allies in the Balkans. If the Greeks and Serbs have stood on one side of the scale, the Turks and the Albanians have stood on the other. Although some kind of dissatisfaction with Nano's government is felt in Ankara over what is seen in the Turkish capital as Tirana's pro-Greek orientation, Turkey continues to have close military ties with Tirana; indeed, it is playing an important role in the re-organization of the disintegrated Albanian army. Albania's most important military base, which was destroyed during the armed uprising last year, will be rebuilt by Turkey." 35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/11/04/karolos-papoulias-visits-albania/|title=Karolos Papoulias visits Albania - GreekReporter.com|author=Maria Papathanasiou|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.albeu.com/news/news/greece-support-eu-candidate-status-for-albania/150425/|title=Albeu.com - Greece supports EU candidate status for Albania|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html#Econ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=28 March 2012}} 38. ^http://www.punetejashtme.gov.al/files/userfiles/DIPLOMATIC_LIST_17.11.2016.pdf{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 39. ^[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html Albania], CIA The World Factbook 40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ambasadat.gov.al/egypt/en|title=Albanian Embassy in Egypt|website=www.ambasadat.gov.al|language=en|access-date=2017-03-20}} 41. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/english/embassies/egyptian_embassy_albania/pages/default.aspx|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Home|website=www.mfa.gov.eg|access-date=2017-03-20}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mfa.gov.al/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7723:qeveria-e-republikes-se-shqiperise-njeh-keshillin-kombetar-te-tranzicionit-ne-libi-si-perfaqesues-legjitim-te-popullit-libian&catid=112:lajme&lang=en&Itemid=|date=18 July 2011|accessdate=18 July 2011|title= The Government of the Republic of Albania recognises the National Transitional Council in Libya, as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people}} 43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ora-news.com/v2/index.php?on=details&id=22692&nid=1&PHPSESSID=5d613e9758ecb4b261a2ea894f935fc4|date=18 July 2011|accessdate=18 July 2011|title=Albania recognizes the Transitional Council of Libya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324084338/http://www.ora-news.com/v2/index.php?on=details&id=22692&nid=1&PHPSESSID=5d613e9758ecb4b261a2ea894f935fc4|archive-date=24 March 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 44. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-recognizes-libya-s-rebel-government|agency=Balkan Insight|date=18 July 2011|accessdate=18 July 2011|title=Albania Backs Libya’s Rebel Government|first=Besar|last=Likmeta}} 45. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.mw/index.php/styles/bilateral-relations/europe/113-bilateral-relations/europe/168-malawi-albania-relations|title=Malawi - 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^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.al/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5405%3Aperfaqesite-diplomatike-shqiptare-jashte-vendit&catid=50%3Aperfaqesite-diplomatike&Itemid=65&lang=sq|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania: Denmark|language= Albanian|publisher=Foreign Affairs of Albania|accessdate=11 February 2011}} 94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ambtirana.um.dk/en |title=Danish embassy in Tirana, Albania |publisher=Foreign Affairs of Denmark |accessdate=11 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132931/http://www.ambtirana.um.dk/en |archivedate=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }} 95. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/28/content_9731391.htm|title=Albania condemns Russia's recognition of Georgian breakaway regions_English_Xinhua|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2016}} 96. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm|title=Greece|work=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 97. ^1 {{cite web 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web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/albania/northern-epiros-greek-minority-southern-albania|title="Northern Epiros": The Greek Minority in Southern Albania|work=Cultural Survival|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 105. ^Languages of Albania 106. ^Albanian communities in Greece 107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greeks-albanians.com/eng-m-ga|title=Pelasgians – Greeks – Albanias – Greeks – Albanians|work=Pelasgians – Greeks – Albanias|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 108. ^Omonoia 109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/enlargement/albanian-official-we-are-much-more-pro-european-several-eu-members-302813|title=Albanian official: 'We are much more pro-European than several EU members'|work=EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 110. ^http://www.newpost.gr/politiki/5c1e38602837e2ed0648b89d/tsipras-se-alvania-sevasteite-ta-meionotika-dikaiomata-an-thelete-entaxi-stin-ee 111. ^1 Historia e Ambasadës {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112436/http://www.albava.org/lamalb.php |date=25 April 2012 }}, Albanian Embassy in Holy See (in Albanian) 112. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/08/world/vatican-and-albania-establishing-relations.html|title=Vatican and Albania Establishing Relations|date=8 September 1991|work=New York Times|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 113. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/15/pope-francis-visit-albania|title=This page has been removed |work=The Guardian|accessdate=20 February 2015}} 114. ^[https://www.mfa.is/diplomatic-missions/icelandic-missions/] 115. ^ 116. ^{{cite web|url=http://albania.visahq.com/embassy/ireland |title=Albanian embassy in Ireland |publisher=VisaHQ |date= |accessdate=24 October 2010}} 117. ^{{cite web|url=http://ireland.visahq.com/embassy/albania |title=Irish embassy in Albania |publisher=Ireland.visahq.com |date= |accessdate=24 October 2010}} 118. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Sala_Stampa/ArchivioNotizie/Approfondimenti/2011/01/20110114_Accordo_ItaliaAlbania.htm |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Esteri.it |date=14 January 2011 |accessdate=28 March 2012}} 119. ^1 120. ^ 121. ^ 122. ^[https://www.urm.lt/default/en/foreign-policy/lithuania-in-the-region-and-the-world/bilateral-cooperation/bilateral-albania] 123. ^{{cite news |first=Gene |last=Gregory |page=24 |date=27 April 1971 |work=Merced Sun-Star |title=Maoist Albania Desires Better Western Relations |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7TRcAAAAIBAJ&pg=7400,6832945 |accessdate=8 May 2011}} 124. ^Berisha: Grateful to the Albanian community in Bucharest {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725181436/http://www.top-channel.tv/english/artikull.php?id=7387 |date=25 July 2013 }}, Top-Channel, 2012-10-19 125. ^Presidenti Nishani merr mesazhe urimi nga krerë shtetesh me rastin e kremtimit të 100-vjetorit të Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052155/http://president.al/?p=4278 |date=17 January 2013 }}, President of Albania, 2012-11-30 126. ^Ngritja e marrëdhënieve diplomatike {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709191806/http://www.balkanweb.com/forumi/index.php?topic=3133.0 |date=9 July 2013 }}, Balkanweb (in Albanian) 127. ^ 128. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17679574 |title=Albania country profile |author= |date=15 December 2016 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=8 February 2017 |quote=The [2013] election was closely monitored by the European Union, which has twice rejected Albania's membership application and warned that the poll would be a crucial test for its further progress towards integration in the bloc.}} 129. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.dw.com/en/albania-passes-key-judicial-reform-for-eu-membership/a-19420808|title=Albania passes key judicial reform for EU membership|date=2016-07-22|accessdate=2016-08-01|publisher=Deutsche Welle}} 130. ^{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2016/20161109_strategy_paper_en.pdf|title=COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS |publisher=europa.eu |accessdate=2016-11-09|date=2016-11-09}} 131. ^{{cite book|last=Borodij|first=Sebastian|chapter=Involvement of Central European states in the military operations of NATO|editor1-last=Czechowska|editor1-first=Lucyn|editor2-last=Olszewski|editor2-first=Krzysztof|title=Central Europe on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary perspectives on Challenges in Politics and Society|year=2012|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4254-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=SdsxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112&dq=Albania+NATO+member#v=onepage&q=Albania%20NATO%20member&f=false|pages=112|ref=harv}} 132. ^{{cite book|last=Ragionieri|first=Rodolfo|chapter=Mediterranean Geopolitics|editor1-last=Petricioli|editor1-first=Marta|title=L'Europe Méditerranéenne [Mediterranean Europe]|year=2008|location=Berlin|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9789052013541|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=7Lfwutn-soQC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|pages=46|ref=harv}} 133. ^ External links
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