| 词条 | Fort Stevens (Oregon) | ||||
| 释义 |
|name= Fort Stevens |partof= |location= Warrenton, Clatsop County, Oregon |image=Fort Stevens Oregon.JPG |image_size=250px |caption= |type= Military base |built= 1863 |builder= |materials= Concrete, steel |height= |used= 1863-1947 |demolished= |condition= Preserved |ownership= |controlledby= United States Army |garrison= |commanders= |occupants= |battles= World War II attack |events={{Infobox NRHP | name = Fort Stevens | embed = yes | nrhp_type = | image = | caption = | location= Fort Stevens State Park, Hammond, Oregon | locmapin = Oregon#USA | built = {{Start date|1863}} | added = September 22, 1971 | area = {{convert|542|acre}} | governing_body = State | refnum = 71000678[1] }} }} Fort Stevens was an American military installation that guarded the mouth of the Columbia River in the state of Oregon. Built near the end of the American Civil War, it was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac Stevens. The fort was an active military reservation from 1863–1947.[2] It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. HistoryCivil WarThe fort was constructed in 1863-64 during the Civil War as an earthwork battery on the south shore of the mouth of the Columbia River, and was known as the Fort at Point Adams.[3] It was later Fort Stevens in 1865, in honor of the former territorial governor of Washington, Isaac I. Stevens who had been killed in action. Fort Stevens was the primary military installation in what became the Three Fort Harbor Defense System at the mouth of the Columbia River. The other forts were the Post at Cape Disappointment, later Fort Cape Disappointment and later Fort Canby, built at the same time as Fort Stevens, and Fort Columbia, built between 1896 and 1904. Both are on the Washington side of the river.[4] The fort was meant to defend the mouth of the Columbia from potential British attack during the Pig War of 1859 and subsequent ongoing regional tensions through 1870 in the San Juan Islands, and was important during the 1896-1903 Alaska Boundary Dispute, when British-American tensions again were high and the two countries were on the brink of war.[5] Peter IredaleIn 1906, the crew of the sailing ship Peter Iredale took refuge at Fort Stevens, after she ran aground on Clatsop Spit. The wreck is visible today, within the boundaries of Fort Stevens State Park. World War II{{See also|Bombardment of Fort Stevens}}On the night of June 21–22, 1942, the Japanese submarine I-25 surfaced off Fort Stevens and fired 17 shells from her 14 cm-calibre deck gun, making Fort Stevens the second military installation in the continental United States to come under enemy fire in World War II (the first being the Battle of Dutch Harbor in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, which took place 18 days earlier).[2] The Japanese attack caused no damage to the fort itself, only the backstop of the post's baseball field being destroyed. Fort Stevens was decommissioned in 1947. All the armaments were removed and buildings were auctioned. The grounds were transferred to the Corps of Engineers, until finally being turned over to the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.[2] The garrison of Fort Stevens during the war included elements of two regiments, the 249th Coast Artillery (Oregon National Guard) and the 18th Coast Artillery of the Regular Army.[6] State parkMuch of Fort Stevens is preserved within Fort Stevens State Park, part of the Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks. The {{convert|3700|acre|km2}} park includes camping, beach access, swimming at Coffenbury Lake, trails, and a military history museum.[4] GallerySee also
References1. ^{{NRISref|version=2010a}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.cdsg.org/HDCRdata/stevensx.htm|title=Fort Stevens|publisher=The Coast Defense Study Group, Inc.|accessdate=2008-11-23|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309021822/http://www.cdsg.org/HDCRdata/stevensx.htm|archivedate=2013-03-09|df=}} 3. ^Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 672. 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_179.php|title=Fort Stevens State Park|publisher=Oregon Parks and Recreation Department|accessdate=2008-11-23}} 5. ^HARBOR DEFENSES OF THE COLUMBIA, The Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. 6. ^Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950, Coast Defense Journal, vol. 23, issue 2 External links{{commons category|Fort Stevens (Oregon)}}
14 : Closed installations of the United States Army|State parks of Oregon|1863 establishments in Oregon|Forts in Oregon|National Register of Historic Places in Clatsop County, Oregon|Oregon in the American Civil War|American Civil War forts|Museums in Clatsop County, Oregon|Military and war museums in Oregon|Parks in Clatsop County, Oregon|1947 disestablishments in Oregon|Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon|World War II on the National Register of Historic Places|American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places |
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