| 词条 | Four Chaplains' Medal |
| 释义 |
|name=Four Chaplains' Medal |image=Chaplainmedal.png |caption= |awarded_by=86th United States Congress |type=Single-grade breast medal and ribbon |eligibility= |for=Extraordinary heroism displayed by George L. Fox, Alexander D. Goode, Clark V. Poling, and John P. Washington |status=Commemorative decoration |established=July 14, 1960 |first_award= |last_award= |total=4 (posthumously) }} The Four Chaplains' Medal was a decoration approved by an Act of Congress on July 14, 1960 (P.L. 86-656, 74 Stat. 521).[1] The decoration recognizes the heroic actions of four Army Chaplains during World War II. The statute awarding the medal is listed as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President is authorized to award posthumously appropriate medals and certificates to Chaplain George L. Fox of Gilman, Vermont; Chaplain Alexander D. Goode of Washington, District of Columbia; Chaplain Clark V. Poling of Schenectady, New York; and Chaplain John P. Washington of Arlington, New Jersey, in recognition of the extraordinary heroism displayed by them when they sacrificed their lives in the sinking of the troop transport {{SS|Dorchester||2}} in the North Atlantic in 1943 by giving up their life preservers to other men aboard such transport. The medals and certificates authorized by this Act shall be in such form and of such design as shall be prescribed by the President, and shall be awarded to such representatives of the aforementioned chaplains as the President may designate.[2] Also known as the Chaplain's Medal of Honor and the Chaplain's Medal for Heroism, its design commemorates the actions of the Four Chaplains who gave their lives in the line of duty on February 3, 1943. The medal was designed by Thomas Hudson Jones (1892–1969) of the United States Army Institute of Heraldry. It was presented posthumously to their next of kin by Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker at Fort Myer, Virginia, on January 18, 1961.[3] The Four Chaplains{{Main|Four Chaplains}}The four chaplains were lieutenants in the United States Army: Rev. George L. Fox (Methodist), Rabbi Alexander D. Goode (Jewish), Rev. Clark V. Poling (Reformed Church in America) and Fr. John P. Washington (Roman Catholic). In late 1942, the chaplains were transferred to Camp Myles Standish in Taunton, Massachusetts, and attended Chaplains School at Harvard University. In January 1943, the chaplains embarked on board the SS Dorchester, which was transporting over 900 soldiers to the United Kingdom via Greenland. On February 2, 1943, the German submarine U-223 spotted the convoy on the move and closed with the ships, firing a torpedo which struck the Dorchester shortly after midnight. Hundreds of men packed the decks of the rapidly sinking ship and scrambled for the lifeboats. Several of the lifeboats had been damaged and the four chaplains began to organize frightened soldiers. They distributed life jackets from a locker; when the supply of life jackets ran out, each of the chaplains gave theirs to other soldiers. When the last lifeboats were away, the chaplains prayed with those unable to escape the sinking ship. Twenty-seven minutes after the torpedo struck, the Dorchester disappeared below the waves with 672 men still aboard. The last anyone saw of the four chaplains, they were standing on the deck, arms linked and praying together.[4] As to official military decorations, each of the four chaplains was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Purple Heart.[4] Award creationIn 1957, The American Legion, at their 39th National Convention in Atlantic City, passed a resolution asking Congress to award the Medal of Honor to the Four Chaplains;[5] however, criteria for the Medal of Honor included "combat with the enemy."[6] The special medal — intended to have the same weight and importance as the Medal of Honor[4]{{Additional citation needed|date=September 2012|See talk page. Need additional verification that the medal was "intended to have the same weight and importance as the Medal of Honor".}} — was approved by the Senate in 1958,[7] and by the House in 1960.[8] In 2006, The American Legion, at their 88th National Convention in Salt Lake City, passed a new resolution in support of awarding the Medal of Honor to the Four Chaplains.[9] See also{{commons category|Chaplain's Medal for Heroism (United States)|Chaplain's Medal for Heroism}}
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15325&CategoryId=9140&grp=4 |title=Army Chaplain Medal of Valor |website=United States Army Institute of Heraldry |date=March 23, 2015 |accessdate=July 12, 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/86/656.pdf |title=Public Law 86-656 |website=Office of the Law Revision Counsel |date=July 13, 1960}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.foxfall.com/fmc-fcm.htm |title=Federal Military Medals and Decorations |website=Foxfall Medals}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.fourchaplains.org/story.html |title=The Saga of the Four Chaplains |accessdate=2008-02-05 |publisher=The Four Chaplains Memorial Foundation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207070224/http://www.fourchaplains.org/story.html |archivedate=2008-02-07 }} 5. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12318813/legion_to_ask_congress_to_honor_four/ |title=Legion To Ask Congress To Honor Four Chaplains |newspaper=Lebanon Daily News |agency=United Press |date=September 18, 1957 |accessdate=July 12, 2017 |via=newspapers.com}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12319538/medal_for_heroism_honors_four_chaplains/ |title=Medal for Heroism Honors Four Chaplains |newspaper=Ottawa Journal |agency=Religion News Service |date=February 25, 1961 |accessdate=July 12, 2017 |via=newspapers.com}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12318915/four_chaplains_medals/ |title=Four Chaplains Medals |newspaper=Courier-Post |location=Camden, New Jersey |date=May 13, 1958 |accessdate=July 12, 2017 |via=newspapers.com}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12318968/special_medals_to_honor_4_chaplains/ |title=Special Medals To Honor 4 Chaplains |newspaper=The Greenville News |agency=Associated Press |date=June 22, 1960 |accessdate=July 12, 2017 |via=newspapers.com}} 9. ^Proceedings of the 88th National Convention of the American Legion (2006), pages 150-151, Resolution No. 361, Accessed February 3, 2017. Further reading
4 : United States military chaplaincy|Military awards and decorations of the United States|Awards established in 1960|1960 establishments in the United States |
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