1. Functions

2. Forms

3. List

4. See also

5. References

Vassal States were a number of tributary or vassal states, usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.

Functions

Some of these states served as buffer states between the Ottomans and Christianity in Europe or Shi’ism in Asia. Their number varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania and the Principality of Serbia from 1815 until its full independence half of century later. Other states such as Bulgaria, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the Serbian Despotate and the Kingdom of Bosnia were vassals before being absorbed entirely or partially into the Empire. Still others had commercial value such as Imeretia, Mingrelia, Chios, the Duchy of Naxos, and the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik). Areas such as holy cities and Venetian tributary areas of Cyprus and Zante were not fully incorporated either. Finally, some small areas such as Montenegro/Zeta and Mount Lebanon did not merit the effort of conquest and were not fully subordinated to the Empire.

Forms

• Some states within the eyalet system included sancakbeys who were local to their sanjak or who inherited their position (e.g., Samtskhe, some Kurdish sanjaks), areas that were permitted to elect their own leaders (e.g., areas of Albania, Epirus, and Morea (Mani Peninsula was nominally a part of Aegean Islands Province but Maniot beys were tributary vassals of the Porte.)), or de facto independent{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} eyalets (e.g., the Barbaresque 'regencies' Algiers, Tunis, Tripolitania in the Maghreb, and later the Khedivate of Egypt).
• Outside the eyalet system were states such as Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania which paid tribute to the Ottomans and over which the Porte had the right to nominate or depose the ruler, garrison rights, and foreign policy control. They were considered by the Ottomans as part of Dar al-'Ahd, thus they were allowed to preserve their self-rule, and were not under Islamic law, like the empire proper; Ottoman subjects, or Muslims for that matter, were not allowed to settle the land permanently or to build mosques.^[1]
• Some states such as Ragusa paid tribute for the entirety of their territory and recognized Ottoman suzerainty.
• Others, such as the Sharif of Mecca, recognized Ottoman suzerainty but were subsidized by the Porte. The Ottomans were also expected to protect the Sharifate militarily - as suzerains over Mecca and Medina, the Ottoman sultans were meant to ensure the protection of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages and safe passage of pilgrims. The Amir al-Hajj was a military officer appointed by the Sultanate to ensure this.
• During the nineteenth century, as Ottoman territory receded, several breakaway states from the Ottoman Empire had the status of vassal states (e.g. they paid tribute to the Ottoman Empire), before gaining complete independence. They were however de facto independent, including having their own foreign policy and their own independent military. This was the case with the principalities of Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.
• Some states paid tribute for possessions that were legally bound to the Ottoman Empire but not possessed by the Ottomans such as the Habsburgs for parts of Royal Hungary or Venice for Zante.

There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were (at least nominally) vassals of the khans of Crimea, or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis, who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves.

List

• Byzantine Empire c.1370-1402, c.1421-1453
  • Despot of Morea
  • Trebizond Empire 1456-1461
• Lordship of Prilep (1371-1395)
• Dejanović noble family (1371-1395)
• Principality of Wallachia (Eflâk Prensliği), 1396–1397, 1417–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an eyalet from 1595–96^[2]
• Principality of Moldavia (Boğdan Prensliği), 1456–1457, 1503–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an eyalet from 1595–96^[2]
• Republic of Ragusa (1458–1808)
• Sultanate of Malacca, (1459-1477) during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah.
• Crimean Khanate (Kırım Hanlığı), 1478–1774
  • Budzhak Horde (? -1807)
  • Edisanskaya Horde (? -1770)
  • Edichkulskaya Horde (? -1770)
  • Dzhambuylutskaya Horde (? -1770)
  • Circassian principalities and tribes
  • Kabarda (? -1739)
  • Yedisan (1684-1760s)
• Samtskhe atabegate (1500–1515)^[3]
• Lebanon running dynasties Ma'an (1516-1697) and Chehab (1697-1840)
• Sharifate of Mecca, 1517-1803
• Kazan Khanate (Kazan Hanlığı), 1523: Kazan briefly conquered by Crimean Khanate, Sahib I Giray enthroned as Khan^[4]
• Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526–1551, 1556–1570)
• Archduchy of Austria, 1533-1606
• Duchy of the Archipelago (1537^[5], 1565^[5]–1579)
• Sultanate of Tuggurt (1552–1871)
• Kingdom of Ait Abbas^[6]
• Abdalvadidov Kingdom (1554-1556)
• Kingdom of Imereti (1555–1804)
  • Principality of Abkhazia (1555–1810)
  • Principality of Mingrelia (1557–1803)
  • Principality of Guria (1614–1810)
• Hilaalee dynasty of The Maldives, 1565?-1597?^[7]
• Principality of Transylvania (Erdel), 1570–1692 with some interruptions
• Sultanate of Aceh, 1569-late 18th century^[8][9]
• Kingdom of Bohemia, briefly in 1620 under Frederick I of Bohemia^[10]
• Emirate of Harar (1647–1887)
• Cossack Hetmanate: Protectorate and Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire (1655 - 1663)^[11][12] and (June 1669 - 1685)^[13][14]
• Principality of Upper Hungary (modern-day Slovakia), 1682–1685 under Imre Thököly^[15]
• United States (1786-1794)^[16]
• Septinsular Republic (1800–1807)
• Principality of Serbia (Sırbistan Prensliği), 1815–1867; de facto independence 1867; de jure independence 1878
• Emirate of Jabal Shammar, 1836–1921
• United Principalities of Romania (Romanya Prensliği), 1862–1877
• Khedivate of Egypt (Mısır), 1867–1914: de jure under Ottoman suzerainty, in effect fully autonomous, and from 1882 under British occupation; broke away from Ottoman suzerainty upon Ottoman entry into World War I on the side of the Central Powers and reformed as the "Sultanate of Egypt" which was declared a British protectorate on 5 November 1914, the day when Britain and France declared war against the Ottoman Empire. Britain also formally annexed Cyprus (under British administration since the Cyprus Convention in 1878, but nominally still an Ottoman territory) until 5 November 1914.
• Principality of Bulgaria (Bulgaristan Prensliği), 1878–1908: de facto independent.
• Principality of Samos (Sisam), 1835–1912: established as an autonomous tributary principality under a Christian Prince; annexed to Greece during the First Balkan War
• Eastern Rumelia (Doğu Rumeli), 1878–1885: established by the Treaty of Berlin on 13 July 1878 as an autonomous province; in a personal union with the tributary Principality of Bulgaria on 6 September 1885 but remained de jure under Ottoman suzerainty; annexed by Bulgaria on 5 October 1908.
• Cyprus (Kıbrıs), 1878–1914: established as a British protectorate under Ottoman suzerainty with the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878; annexed by Britain on 5 November 1914, upon Ottoman entry into World War I.
• Qatar (Katar), 1872–1913
• Cretan State (Girit), 1898–1912/13: established as an internationally supervised tributary state headed by a Christian governor; in 1908 the Cretan parliament unilaterally declared union with Greece; the island was occupied by Greece in 1912, and de jure annexed in 1913

See also

• List of Ottoman Empire territories

References

• Carlos Salinas de Gortari
• Carlos Salvador Bilardo
• Carlos Sandoval
• Carlos Santana
• Carlos Santiago Nino
• Carlos Sastre
• Carlos Saul Menem
• Carlos Schwabe
• Carlos Seixas
• Carlos Sherman
• Carlos Silva
• Carlos Slim
• Carlos Slim Helu
• Carlos Socarrás
• Carlos Soria
• Carlos Soublette
• Carlos Spencer
• Carlos Surinach
• Carlos Sánchez García
• Carlos Tevez
• Carlos Thays
• Carlos The Jackal
• Carlos (The Magic School Bus)
• Carlos Torre
• Carlos Torre Repetto