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词条 Fragaria
释义

  1. Description

  2. Classification

     Diploid species  Tetraploid species  Pentaploid hybrids  Hexaploid species  Octoploid species and hybrids  Decaploid species and hybrids  Uncategorized hybrids 

  3. Ecology

  4. See also

  5. References

     Footnotes 

  6. External links

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|image = 103 Fragaria vesca L.jpg
|image_caption = Fragaria vesca illustration from Atlas des plantes de France 1891, by A. Masclef
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Fragaria
|authority = L.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 20+ species; see text
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Fragaria {{IPAc-en|f|r|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɛər|i|ə}}[1] is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

Description

Strawberries are not true berries.[2] The fleshy and edible part of the fruit is a receptacle, and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are achenes.[2][3]

Although it is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, the etymology of the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the fruit being "strewn" about the base of the plants.[4][5]

Classification

There are more than 20 different Fragaria species worldwide. Numbers of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies.[6] Key to the classification of strawberry species is recognizing that they vary in the number of chromosomes. There are seven basic types of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.[7]

Diploid species

  • Fragaria bucharica Losinsk. (China)
  • Fragaria daltoniana J.Gay (Himalayas)
  • Fragaria gracilis Losinsk. (China)
  • Fragaria iinumae Makino (East Russia, Japan)
  • Fragaria mandshurica Staudt (China)
  • Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. ex J.Gay (South and Southeast Asia)
  • Fragaria nipponica Makino (Japan)
  • Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita (Himalayas)
  • Fragaria pentaphylla Losinsk. (China)
  • Fragaria vesca L. - woodland strawberry (Northern Hemisphere)
  • Fragaria viridis Duchesne (Europe, Central Asia)
  • Fragaria yezoensis H.Hara (Northeast Asia)
  • Fragaria x bifera Duchesne - F. vesca × viridis (Europe)

Tetraploid species

  • Fragaria moupinensis Cardot (China)
  • Fragaria orientalis Losinsk. (Eastern Asia, Eastern Siberia)

Pentaploid hybrids

  • Fragaria × bringhurstii Staudt (coast of California)

Hexaploid species

  • Fragaria moschata Duchesne - Musk strawberry (Europe)

Octoploid species and hybrids

  • Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier - Pineapple strawberry, Garden strawberry
  • Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. - Beach strawberry (Western Americas)
    • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis
    • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma patagonica (Argentina, Chile)
    • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt (coast of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
    • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt (coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
    • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis (Decne.) Staudt - {{okina}}Ōhelo papa (Hawai{{okina}}i)
  • Fragaria iturupensis Staudt - Iturup strawberry (Iturup, Kuril Islands)
  • Fragaria virginiana Mill. - Virginia strawberry (North America)

Decaploid species and hybrids

  • Fragaria cascadensis K.E. Hummer (Cascade Mountains in Oregon)[8]
  • Fragaria × Comarum hybrids
  • Fragaria × vescana

Uncategorized hybrids

  • 'Lipstick' (Fragaria × Comarum hybrid), red-flowered runnering ornamental, sparse small globular fruits.
  • Fragaria vesca and certain other diploid species can be hybridized and produce fertile offspring (although Fragaria nilgerrensis appears less compatible).[9]
  • Fragaria moschata can hybridize with diploid species such as Fragaria viridis and Fragaria nubicola but producing a lower proportion of viable seeds.[10]
  • Fragaria moschata can hybridize with Fragaria × ananassa.[11]

Ecology

A number of species of butterflies and moths feed on strawberry plants: see list of Lepidoptera that feed on strawberry plants.

See also

  • Accessory fruit
  • Mock strawberry and barren strawberry, which both bear resemblance to Fragaria, are closely related species in other genera.
  • Strawberry tree (disambiguation) is a name for several trees that are unrelated to strawberry.
  • The breeding of strawberries
  • {{portal-inline|Strawberry}}

References

Hogan, Sean (chief consultant), Flora (subtitle) A Gardener’s Encyclopedia, (Portland, Oregon USA) Timber Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-88192-538-1}}.

Footnotes

1. ^Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
2. ^1 Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. ^E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: Fragaria virginiana.
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/notthink/strawberry.asp |title=Etymology of Strawberry |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-08}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pickyourown.org/strawberryfacts.htm |title=Strawberries: Facts and Strawberry Trivia |publisher=Benivia |date= |accessdate=2017-08-24}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria |title=Species records in the database (for the query: genus = Fragaria) |publisher=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System |date= |accessdate=2017-08-24}}
7. ^Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. online text
8. ^{{cite journal |author-last=Hummer |author-first=K.E. |date=2012 |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=276470 |title=A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon |publisher= |journal=Journal of Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |website=|accessdate=2012-06-10}}
9. ^{{cite journal |url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/130/3/418.full.pdf |title=Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis |first1=R.H. |last1=Bors |first2=J.A. |last2=Sullivan |date=2005 |publisher=|journal=J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=418–423}}
10. ^{{cite journal |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/31/4/610.2 |title=Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis. |first1=Robert H. |last1=Bors |first2=J. Alan |last2=Sullivan |date=August 1996 |publisher= |journal=HortScience|volume=31|issue=4|pages=610–610}}
11. ^{{cite magazine |last=Karp |first=David |date=July 2006 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/berried-treasure-120534521 |title=Berried Treasure |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |location= |publisher=}}

External links

{{Commons category}}{{Wikispecies|Fragaria}}
  • [https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria Species records in the database (for the query: genus = Fragaria)] from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System website
{{fragaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q745}}{{Authority control}}

4 : Fragaria|Berries|Stoloniferous plants|Rosaceae genera
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