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词条 Francis Greenway
释义

  1. Life and career

  2. Posthumous tributes

  3. Selected list of works

  4. See also

  5. References

      Citations    Sources  

  6. External links

{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}{{short description|architect}}{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Francis Howard Greenway
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Francis Greenway Portrait.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Francis Howard Greenway, 1814-1837, unknown artist, pencil ML 482
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1777|11|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mangotsfield, Bristol In England
| death_date = {{Death date|1837|9||df=y}} (aged 59)
| death_place = near Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| resting_place = Glebe burial ground, East Maitland, New South Wales[1]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|32|45|33.2|S|151|34|30.6|E|type:landmark_region:AU-NSW|display=inline,title}}
| monuments = Francis Greenway High School, Beresfield
| residence = New South Wales, Australia
| nationality = English
| occupation = Architect
| years_active =
| known_for = Early colonial Australian architecture
| notable_works = List of works
| criminal_charge = Forgery
| criminal_penalty = 14 years transportation to Australia
| criminal_status = Discharged
| spouse =
| children = six
| footnotes =
}}Francis Howard Greenway (20 November 1777 – September 1837) was an English-born architect who was transported to Australia as a convict for the crime of forgery. In New South Wales he worked for the Governor, Lachlan Macquarie, as Australia's first government architect. He became widely known and admired for his work displayed in buildings such as St Matthew's Church in Windsor, New South Wales, St James' Church, Sydney and Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney.[1]

Life and career

Greenway was born in Mangotsfield, Gloucestershire (near the English city of Bristol), the son of Francis Greenway and Ann Webb.[2] Greenway became an architect "of some eminence" in Bristol and Bath. His only remaining building in the United Kingdom is the Clifton Club in Bristol, originally the Clifton Hotel and Assembly Rooms. He also designed Christ Church Downend near Mangotsfield (see Gomme an Architectural history of Bristol and church website). In 1809 he became bankrupt and in 1812 he pleaded guilty "under the advice of his friends", to forging a financial document and was sentenced to death; this sentence was later commuted to 14 years' transportation. Why he pleaded guilty is unknown; he may have been told it was the only way to save his life. Whilst awaiting deportation to Sydney, Greenway spent time in Newgate Prison, Bristol where he completed paintings depicting scenes within the prison.[3]

Greenway arrived in Sydney, New South Wales on the transport General Hewitt in February 1814 to serve his sentence. On board the ship was the surgeon Dr. John Harris who was to give Greenway his first private commission in the colony which involved extending his residence on his Ultimo estate.[1] Greenway first met Lachlan Macquarie in July 1814 to whom he had come recommended by Admiral Arthur Phillip.[4] During the initial meeting Macquarie sought to test Greenway by asking him to copy a design of a town hall and courthouse from a pattern book.[5] Greenway was so offended by this that he responded with a letter declaring his skills and quoting Sir William Chambers that his Excellency should utilise the opportunity for a classical design.[6]

He said he would;

immediately copy the drawing Your Excellency requested me to do, notwithstanding it is rather painful to my mind as a professional man to copy a building that has no claim to classical proportion and character.

Between 1816 and 1818, while still a convict, Greenway was responsible for the design and construction of the Macquarie Lighthouse on the South Head at the entrance to Port Jackson.[2] After the success of this project he was emancipated by the governor Lachlan Macquarie, and in the role of Acting Civil Architect and Assistant Engineer responsible to Captain J. M. Gill, Inspector of Public Works, went on to build many significant buildings in the new colony.

Greenway's works include Hyde Park Barracks, extensions to First Government House, the stables for a projected new Government House (condemned for their "useless magnificence" by a visiting British official, the building is now home to the Sydney Conservatorium of Music)[7], and St James' Church, Sydney, which was chosen as one of Australia's only two man-made 'treasures' by Dan Cruickshank in the BBC series Around the World in 80 Treasures.[8]

Greenway fell into disrepute when Macquarie accused him of charging high fees whilst on a government retainer, and he was dismissed by the next governor, Thomas Brisbane, in 1822.[2] He continued to follow his profession with little success.

In 1835 he was destitute, advertising in the Sydney Gazette that "Francis Howard Greenway, arising from circumstances of a singular nature is induced again to solicit the patronage of his friends and the public".[9]

Greenway died of typhoid near Newcastle, New South Wales in 1837, aged 59. The exact date of his death is not known. He is believed to have been buried in the Glebe burial ground at East Maitland on 25 September 1837, but his grave is unmarked.[10]

Posthumous tributes

Greenway's face was shown on the first Australian decimal-currency $10 note (1966–93), making him probably the only convicted forger in the world to be honoured on a banknote.

Greenway is the eponym of a NSW Federal electorate, a suburb of Canberra, and a high school in Beresfield, a suburb of Maitland.

Francis Greenway Drive in the suburb of Cherrybrook is named in honour of Francis Greenway.

The Vaucluse home of the renowned Australian architect Leslie Wilkinson (1882–1973) was named "Greenway" in honour of Francis Greenway.

Selected list of works

The following works were either designed by Greenway, or where he had significant influence:[11]

Structure name Location Period Architectural style Contribution Heritage status Image Notes
Cadmans Cottage The Rocks}} 1815-1816 Supervised construction [12]{{rp>p.16}}
Cleveland House Surry Hills}} Contribution uncertain
Clifton Hotel and Assembly Rooms building Supervised construction
First Government House, Sydney Bridge Street, Sydney 1810-1820 Italianate Extensions National Heritage List|New South Wales State Heritage Register|(Former) Register of the National Estate}} [13][14]
Hobartville Richmond}} Contribution uncertain
Hyde Park Barracks Macquarie Street, Sydney 1818-1819 Architect {{bulleted listNational Heritage List|New South Wales State Heritage Register|(Former) Register of the National Estate} [15][16][17]
Judge's House Sydney Also attributed to W. Harper [12]{{rp>p.67}}
Liverpool Technical College
(formerly Liverpool Hospital) 		Liverpool}}
Macquarie Lighthouse Watsons Bay}} 1816-1818 Architect (Former) Register of the National Estate|}}
Obelisk Macquarie Place 1818 Architect [18]
Old Government House Parramatta}} Timber portico only {{bulleted listNational Heritage List|New South Wales State Heritage Register|(Former) Register of the National Estate} [19][20][21][22]
St James' Church Queen's Square
Phillip Street, Sydney 		1820-1824 Architect New South Wales State Heritage Register}} [23]
St Luke's Anglican Church Liverpool}} 1818-1820 Architect New South Wales State Heritage Register}} [24]
St Matthew's Church Windsor}} Architect
Supreme Court of New South Wales Cnr King and Elizabeth Streets, Sydney 1820–1828 Old Colonial Georgian
{{small|(Greenway designs)}}|Victorian Italianate
{{small|(Barnet additions)}}}}		{{small>(dismissed before completion)}}New South Wales State Heritage Register}} [25]
Sydney Conservatorium of Music Macquarie Street, Sydney Architect New South Wales State Heritage Register}} [26][27]
Windsor Court House Windsor}} Architect

See also

  • List of convicts transported to Australia
  • History of Sydney

References

Citations

1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Broadbent|first=James|title=Francis Greenway Architect|year=1997|publisher=Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales|location=Glebe, N.S.W.|author2=Hughes, Joy}}
2. ^1 2 Morton Herman, 'Greenway, Francis (1777–1837)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 470–473. Retrieved 27 December 2008
3. ^{{cite web|title=Inside Newgate Prison|url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/macquarie/greenway/newgate.html|work=Discover Collections|publisher=State Library of New South Wales|accessdate=14 February 2013}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Francis Greenway|url=http://www.hht.net.au/discover/highlights/kids_fact_sheets/francis_greenway|publisher=Historic Houses Trust of NSW|accessdate=14 February 2013}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Dupain|first=Max|title=Francis Greenway : a celebration|year=1980|publisher=Mead & Beckett|location=North Ryde, N.S.W.|isbn=0-7269-2215-3|pages=11–12|author2=J M Freeland}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Architects of Australia|editor=Howard Tanner|publisher=MacMillan|location=Sth Melbourne|year=1981|edition=1st|pages=10–18|isbn=0-333-29929-9}}
7. ^http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/
8. ^{{cite web|title=Around the World in 80 Treasures (TV Series) Australia to Cambodia|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1197647/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl|publisher=IMDB|accessdate=11 October 2015}}
9. ^{{cite news|newspaper=The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser|date=20 January 1835|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2197088|title=Advertisement - Francis Howard Greenway|page=3}}
10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.maitland.nsw.gov.au/MeetingsAgendas/ViewDocumentFile.aspx?id=1177|title=Francis Greenway Memorial|first=Clare|last=James|format=PDF|publisher=Maitland City Council|date=25 March 2008|accessdate=12 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720151905/http://www.maitland.nsw.gov.au/MeetingsAgendas/ViewDocumentFile.aspx?id=1177|archive-date=20 July 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
11. ^The Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Company, 1981
12. ^1 {{cite book |title=Sydney Architecture |author=Haskell, John |publisher=UNSW Press |year=1997 }}
13. ^{{cite NSW SHR|5045710|First Government House Site|fn=H00/00364; S96/00465 [S170]|accessdate=7 October 2017}}
14. ^{{cite AHD|105761|First Government House Site|fn=1/12/036/0479|accessdate=7 October 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Heritage Council of NSW|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritage/index.htm|website=Office of Environmental and Heritage|publisher=NSW Government|accessdate=10 October 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Australian Convict Sites|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306|website=World Heritage Convention|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=10 October 2015}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Australian Convict Sites|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/publications/australian-convict-sites-world%20heritage-nomination|website=Department of the Environment|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=10 October 2015}}
18. ^{{cite NSW SHR|2424811|Macquarie Place Including Road and Park Reserve, Obelisk, Canon, Anchor|access-date=3 January 2017|date=21 December 2011 }}
19. ^{{cite NSW SHR|5045475|Old Government House|fn=09/01461; S90/01914|accessdate=27 September 2017}}
20. ^{{cite NSW SHR|5051462|Parramatta Park and Old Government House|fn=EF14/5136; S09/1461; S90/1429|accessdate=27 September 2017}}
21. ^{{cite AHD|105957|Old Government House and the Government Domain, O'Connell St, Parramatta, NSW, Australia|date=1 August 2007 |accessdate=27 September 2017}}
22. ^{{Cite web | title = UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List |work = UNESCO World Heritage Centre website | publisher = United Nations | date = 31 July 2010 | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/642 | accessdate = 17 September 2010}}
23. ^{{cite NSW SHR|5054947|St. James' Anglican Church|accessdate=17 November 2013}}
24. ^{{cite NSW SHR|5045188|St. Luke's Anglican Church|accessdate=5 December 2016}}
25. ^{{cite NSW SHR|5045639|Sydney Supreme Court House (Old Court House)|hr=00800|fn=S95/00338/1|accessdate=2 June 2018}}
26. ^{{cite NSW SHR|5060991|Conservatorium of Music|accessdate=25 February 2017}}
27. ^{{cite NSW SHR|2423927|Conservatorium of Music Including Interior and Grounds|accessdate=7 October 2017}}

Sources

{{refbegin}}
  • {{Dictionary of Australian Biography |First = Francis |Last = Greenway |shortlink = 0-dict-biogG.html#greenway1+accessdate=2008-12-27 }}
  • Dictionary of Australian Artists Online
  • Francis Greenway Drive
{{refend}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Francis Greenway}}
{{-}}{{Convicts in Australia}}{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Greenway, Francis}}

10 : 1777 births|1837 deaths|New South Wales architects|English emigrants to Australia|Australian public servants|Convicts transported to Australia|People from Mangotsfield|Maitland, New South Wales|People from Clifton, Bristol|Burials in New South Wales
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