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词条 Vivendi Games
释义

  1. History

  2. Subsidiaries

      Publishing    Development  

  3. References

{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox company
| name = Vivendi Games
| logo = Vivendi logo.png
| former_name = {{Unbulleted list|CUC Software|(1996–1997)|Cendant Software|(1997–1998)|Havas Interactive|(1998–2001)|Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing|(2001)|Vivendi Universal Games|(2001–2006)}}
| type = Division
| industry = Video game industry
| fate = Merged with Activision
| successor = Activision Blizzard
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1996|07|24}} in Torrance, California
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|2008|07|10}}
| hq_location_city = Los Angeles, California
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| area_served = North America, Europe
| key_people = Bruce Hack (CEO)
| parent = {{Unbulleted list|CUC International|(1996–1997)|Cendant|(1997–1998)|Vivendi Universal Publishing|(1998–2003)|Vivendi|(2003–2008)}}
}}

Vivendi Games was an American video game publisher and holding company based in Los Angeles. It was founded in 1996 as CUC Software, the publishing subsidiary of CUC International, after the latter acquired video game companies Davidson & Associates and Sierra On-Line. Between 1997 and 2001, the company switched parents and names multiple times before ending up organized under Vivendi Universal (later renamed Vivendi). In July 2008, Vivendi Games merged with Activision to create Activision Blizzard.

History

On February 21, 1996, CUC International announced its intention to acquire Davidson & Associates (including Blizzard Entertainment) and Sierra On-Line, two American video game companies, in a {{US$|1.8 billion|link=yes}} stock swap.[1] The deal closed on July 24, 1996.[2] CUC International previously only operated membership shopping clubs, wherefore analysts were surprised by the company's move into the software industry.[1] Subsequently following the acquisitions, CUC International established CUC Software around the Torrance, California-based operations of Davidson & Associates to oversee the new video game properties.[3] Under that new umbrella, both Davidson & Associates and Sierra On-Line would act independently from CUC International.[4] Bod Davidson, co-founder of Davidson & Associates, became chairman and chief executive of the new establishment.[5] On November 5 that year, CUC International announced that they would additionally acquire Knowledge Adventure, another developer, in a stock deal valued between {{US$|50 million|long=no}} and {{US$|100 million}}.[5] The acquisition was completed on February 3, 1997.[3] On February 10, Davidson announced that he had stepped down from his positions at CUC Software, and that his wife, Jan, ceased as president of Davidson & Associates, while both Davidsons stayed on CUC International's board of directors.[3] Christopher McLeod, an executive vice-president for CUC International, took over CUC Software in Bob Davidson's place.[3] In April 1997, CUC International acquired Berkeley Systems for an undisclosed sum.[6]

On May 28, 1997, CUC International announced plans to merge with Hospitality Franchise Systems to create a single, "one-stop" entity.[7][8] The merger was finalized in December that year and created Cendant.[9] As a result of the merger, CUC Software was renamed Cendant Software.[10] On November 20, 1998, French media company Havas announced that it would acquire Cendant Software for {{US$|800 million|long=no}} in cash and up to {{US$|200 million|long=no}} contingent on the performance of Cendant Software.[11][12] Subsequently, the division was renamed Havas Interactive.[13] On May 16, 2001, Havas Interactive was renamed Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing, while its direct parent, Havas, became Vivendi Universal Publishing.[14] Under the new name, the company was split into two parts: Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing North America and Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing International, both of which took responsibility for their respective publishing regions.[14] On November 13, 2001, both parts were streamlined under the name Vivendi Universal Games.[15] When Vivendi Universal sold all of its media operations to General Electric in October 2003, Vivendi Universal held on to Vivendi Universal Games, which was re-organized as a direct division of the conglomerate.[16] On March 3, 2006, Vivendi Universal announced they would be dropping the "Universal" part of their name[17] The same day, the company opened a mobile games division known as Vivendi Universal Games Mobile.[18]

In December 2007, American publisher Activision announced a proposed merger deal with Vivendi Games that would create a new holding company named Activision Blizzard.[19][20] The deal was approved by Activision's shareholders on July 8, 2008,[20] and the merger was finalized on July 10, creating Activision Blizzard while dissolving Vivendi Games.[21] Bruce Hack, who served as chief executive officer of Vivendi Games, became vice-chairman and chief corporate officer of the new company.[21] Many of Vivendi Games' properties were later dropped by Activision, citing that they would not make for a good fit for the company's long-term strategy.[22]

Subsidiaries

Publishing

  • Coktel Vision; acquired by Sierra On-Line in May 1994,[23] sold to Mindscape in October 2005.[24]
  • Sierra Entertainment; acquired in July 1996.[1]
    • Sierra Online
    • Sierra Online Seattle; acquired in September 2006.[25]
    • Sierra Online Shanghai; acquired in September 2006.[25]
  • Vivendi Games Mobile; established in March 2006.[18]
    • Centerscore; acquired in September 2006.[26][27]
  • Universal Interactive, absorbed through the Vivendi–Universal merger in June 2000.[28][29]
  • NDA Productions[30]
  • Black Label Games, established in August 2002.[31][32]
  • Fox Interactive; acquired in March 2003.[33]

Development

  • Blizzard Entertainment; acquired by Davidson & Associates in March 1994.[34]
  • Davidson & Associates; acquired in July 1996.[1]
  • Knowledge Adventure; acquired in February 1997,[3] sold to Azure Capital Partners and Telesoft Partners in October 2004.[35]
  • Berkeley Systems; acquired in April 1997.[6]
  • Massive Entertainment; acquired in October 2002.[36][37]
  • Radical Entertainment; acquired in March 2005.[38][39]
  • Swordfish Studios; acquired in June 2005.[40]
  • High Moon Studios; acquired in January 2006.[41]
  • Wanako Games; acquired in February 2007.[42][43][44]

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/21/business/cuc-will-buy-2-software-companies-for-1.8-billion.html |title=CUC Will Buy 2 Software Companies for $1.8 Billion |first=Peter H. |last=Lewis |date= |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
2. ^{{Cite news|url=|title=CUC INTERNATIONAL INC. COMPLETES ACQUISITIONS OF DAVIDSON & ASSOCIATES, INC. AND SIERRA ON-LINE, INC.|last=|first=|date=July 24, 1996|work=PR Newswire|access-date=}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-02-10/business/fi-27220_1_cuc-software |title=Davidson Founders Make Quiet Exit |first=KAREN |last=KAPLAN |date=February 10, 1997 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-02-21/business/fi-38256_1_bob-davidson |title=Marketer CUC to Buy Davidson & Associates |first=LESLIE |last=HELM |date=February 21, 1996 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}
5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-11-06/business/fi-61744_1_knowledge-adventure |title=CUC Will Buy Knowledge Adventure |first=KAREN |last=KAPLAN |date=November 6, 1996 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}
6. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/04/cuc-buys-content-maker-berkeley-systems/ |title=CUC Buys Content Maker Berkeley Systems |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/28/business/11-billion-merger-plan-would-join-hfs-and-cuc.html |title=$11 Billion Merger Plan Would Join HFS and CUC |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |date= |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-05-28/business/fi-63045_1_one-stop-shopping |title=CUC-HFS Merger Deal to Create Strong One-Stop-Shopping Entity |first=From Associated |last=Press |date=May 28, 1997 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/cuc-gets-renamed/1100-2462150/ |title=CUC Gets Renamed |first=Harley |last=Jebens |date=April 28, 2000 |website=gamespot.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
10. ^{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/GDM_March_1998#page/n3 |title=CUC Now Cendant |magazine=Game Developer |publisher=UBM TechWeb |date=March 1998 |page=13}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/20/business/cendant-said-to-near-sale-of-software-division.html |title=Cendant Said to Near Sale of Software Division |first=Saul |last=Hansell |date= |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/1998/11/cendant-sells-software-unit/ |title=Cendant Sells Software Unit |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2000/12/vivendi/ |title=Vivendi's High Wireless Act |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
14. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/91497/Havas_Interactive_Changes_Name_To_Vivendi.php |title=Havas Interactive Changes Name To Vivendi |author= |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2001/digital/news/viv-u-streamlines-games-1117855872/ |title=Viv U streamlines games |first=Marc |last=Graser |date=November 15, 2001 |website=variety.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/general-electric-buys-vivendi-media-empire |title=General Electric buys Vivendi media empire |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-universal-to-shorten-company-name |title=Vivendi Universal to shorten company name |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
18. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/99344/Vivendi_Starts_Mobile_Phone_Gaming_Division.php |title=Gamasutra - The Art & Business of Making Games |first=Nich |last=Maragos |date= |website=www.gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/12/02/vivendi-computer-guitar-tech-media-cx_rr_1202activision.html |title=Vivendi To Merge With Activision |first=Rachel |last=Rosmarin |date= |website=forbes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
20. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/5023049/activision-blizzard-merger-official |title=Activision Blizzard Merger Official |first=Leigh |last=Alexander |date= |website=kotaku.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
21. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/5023808/activision-blizzard-merger-finalized |title=Activision Blizzard Merger Finalized |first=Leigh |last=Alexander |date= |website=kotaku.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/29/activision-drops-several-vivendi-games |title=Activision Drops Several Vivendi Games |first=Narayan |last=Pattison |date=29 July 2008 |website=IGN}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/04/05/1994/LesEchos/16638-099-ECH_l-americain-sierra-on-line-absorbe-coktel-vision.htm |title=L'américain Sierra-On-Line absorbe Coktel Vision - Les Echos |author= |date= |website=www.lesechos.fr |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamekult.com/actualite/vu-games-cede-coktel-a-mindscape-44419.html |title=VU Games cède Coktel à Mindscape |author= |date=October 21, 2005 |website=gamekult.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
25. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/102004/Vivendi_Acquires_Secret_Lair_Studio_Chin.php |title=Vivendi Acquires Secret Lair, Studio Ch'in |first=Brandon |last=Boyer |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-acquires-centerscore |title=Vivendi acquires Centerscore |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/101792/Vivendi_Acquires_Centerscore_Expands_Mobile_Portfolio.php |title=Vivendi Acquires Centerscore, Expands Mobile Portfolio |first=Jason |last=Dobson |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2018/06/26/buy-low-sell-high-vivendis-history-in-video-games |title=Buy Low, Sell High: Vivendi's History in Video Games |author= |date= |website=Kotaku UK |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/jun/19/media1 |title=Vivendi seals merger |first=David |last=Teather |date=June 19, 2000 |website=the Guardian |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/11/13/europe-gets-hard-early |title=Europe Gets Hard Early |first=I. G. N. |last=Staff |date=November 13, 2002 |website=ign.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi-creates-new-studio/1100-2877275/ |title=Vivendi creates new studio |first=Giancarlo |last=Varanini |date=August 13, 2002 |website=gamespot.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/08/13/vu-creates-black-label-games |title=VU Creates Black Label Games |first=I. G. N. |last=Staff |date=August 13, 2002 |website=ign.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/11/business/fi-rup11.8 |title=Fox Sells Video Game Division to Vivendi |first=Alex |last=Pham |date=March 11, 2003 |publisher= |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |via=LA Times}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-01/business/fi-28733_1_video-game-developer |title=Technology |first=Dean |last=Takahashi |date=March 1, 1994 |publisher= |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |via=LA Times}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-universal-sells-educational-games-division |title=Vivendi Universal sells educational games division |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bluesnews.com/a/449/vivendi-universal-publishing-announces-the-acquisition-of-massive-entertainment |title=Vivendi Universal Publishing announces the acquisition of Massive Entertainment - Blue's News |author= |date= |website=www.bluesnews.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi-universal-acquires-massive-entertainment/1100-2882366/ |title=Vivendi Universal acquires Massive Entertainment |first=Sam |last=Parker |date=October 3, 2002 |website=gamespot.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vu-games-acquires-simpsons-hit-run-developer-radical-entertainment |title=VU Games acquires Simpsons: Hit & Run developer Radical Entertainment |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/96131/Vivendi_Universal_Acquires_Simpsons_Hit__Run_Developer.php |title=Gamasutra - The Art & Business of Making Games |first=David |last=Jenkins |date= |website=www.gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-nets-swordfish-in-new-acquisition-deal |title=Vivendi nets Swordfish in new acquisition deal |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-universal-acquires-high-moon-studios |title=Vivendi Universal acquires High Moon Studios |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/02/vivendi-acquire/ |title=Vivendi Acquires Assault Heroes Developer |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103778/Vivendi_Acquires_Wanako_Games.php |title=Vivendi Acquires Wanako Games |first=Brandon |last=Boyer |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/02/20/vivendi-acquires-wanako-games/ |title=Vivendi acquires Wanako Games |author= |date= |website=engadget.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}

15 : 1996 establishments in California|2008 disestablishments in California|Activision Blizzard|American companies established in 1996|Companies based in Los Angeles County, California|Defunct companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area|Defunct video game companies of the United States|Former Vivendi subsidiaries|Holding companies of the United States|Technology companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area|Video game companies based in California|Video game companies disestablished in 2008|Video game companies established in 1996|Video game companies of the United States|Video game publishers
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