| 词条 | Volunteer Fighting Corps |
| 释义 |
They were the Japanese equivalent of the German Volkssturm.[1] Its Commander-in-Chief was former Prime Minister General Koiso Kuniaki.[2] HistoryVolunteer CorpsIn March 1945, the cabinet of Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso passed a law establishing the creation of unarmed civil defense units, {{nihongo|Volunteer Corps|国民義勇隊|Kokumin Giyūtai}}. With the assistance of the Taisei Yokusankai political party, the tonarigumi and Great Japan Youth Party, units were created by June 1945. The Kokumin Giyūtai was not combatant, but working unit for fire service, food production, and evacuation. All male civilians between the ages of 12 to 65 years, and females of 12 to 45 years were members. They received training on fire fighting techniques and elementary first aid. Reformation as militiaIn April 1945, the Japanese cabinet resolved on reforming Kokumin Giyūtai into civilian militia. In June, the cabinet passed a special conscription law, and named the militia units {{nihongo|Volunteer Fighting Corps|国民義勇戦闘隊|Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai}}. The Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai would be organized, if the Allied landing unit close to the Japanese homeland. Governors of Prefectures could conscript all male civilians between the ages of 15 to 60 years, and unmarried females of 17 to 40 years.[1] Commanders were appointed from retired military personnel and civilians with weapons experience. Combat training sessions were held, although the corps was primarily assigned to support tasks, such as construction, transportation and rationing. The Volunteer Fighting Corps was intended as main reserve along with a "second defense line" for Japanese forces to sustain a war of attrition against invading forces. After the Allied invasion, these forces were intended to form resistance or guerilla warfare cells in cities, towns, or mountains. StrengthSome 28 million men and women were considered "combat capable" by the end of June 1945, yet only about 2 million of them had been recruited by the time the war ended, and most of them did not experience combat due to Japan's surrender before the Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands. The Battle of Okinawa took place before the formation of Volunteer Fighting Corps.[3] At this stage of the war, the lack of modern weaponry and ammunition meant that most were armed with swords or even bamboo spears. Within Japan proper, the Volunteer Fighting Corps were never used in combat, except in South Sakhalin (the Battle of Okinawa occurred before its formal inception, with local Boeitai home guard conscripts forming part of the defences there). And the similar units organized in Japanese exterior provinces were used in battle. The units in Korea, Kwangtung, and Manchukuo sustained heavy casualties in combat against the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria during the last days of World War II.[4] The Kokumin Giyūtai was abolished by order of the American occupation forces after the surrender of Japan. EquipmentThe Kokumin Giyu Sentōtai units were theoretically armed with weapons including:
In actuality, mostly only much less sophisticated arms were available:
However, Type 4 grenades were in plentiful enough supply due to their ease of manufacture. See also
References
| last = Drea | first = Edward J. | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1998 | chapter = Japanese Preparations for the Defense of the Homeland & Intelligence Forecasting for the Invasion of Japan | title = In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = | isbn = 0-8032-1708-0 }}
| last = Frank | first = Richard B | coauthors = | year = 1999 | title = Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire | publisher = Random House | location = New York | isbn = 0-679-41424-X }}
| last = Skates | first = John Ray | coauthors = | year = 1994 | title = The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb Downfall | publisher = University of South Carolina Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-87249-972-3 }} Citations1. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Hasegawa | first = Tsuyoshi | title = The end of the Pacific war: Reappraisals | publisher = Stanford University Press | year = 2007 | pages = 75–77 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=XjW49VTRhxQC&pg=PA76&dq=%22volunteer+fighting+corps%22#PPA76,M1 | isbn = 0-8047-5427-6}} 2. ^{{cite book | last = Shillony | first = Ben-Ami | title = Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1981 | location = | pages = 82–83 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=PN1VOByJjE8C&pg=PA82&dq=%22people%27s+volunteer+fighting+corps%22#PPA82,M1 | isbn = 0-19-820260-1}} 3. ^Japanese wikipedia 4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwnqPgAACAAJ&dq=Downfall,+the+End+of+the+Japanese+Empire&cd=1 Frank, Downfall, the End of the Japanese Empire] 12 : Japan in World War II|Empire of Japan|Paramilitary organizations based in Japan|Civilians in war|Civil defense|Stay-behind organizations|Groups of World War II|Military units and formations of Japan in World War II|Japanese home islands campaign|1945 in Japan|Military units and formations established in 1945|Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 |
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