| 词条 | Frank Press |
| 释义 |
|name = Frank Press |image = Frank Press Jerusalem1953.jpg |caption = Frank Press in Jerusalem, 1953 |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1924|12|4}} |birth_place = Brooklyn, New York, United States |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = American |footnotes = | title = President of the National Academy of Sciences | order = 19th | term_start = 1981 | term_end = 1993 | predecessor = Philip Handler | successor = Bruce Alberts | title2 = Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy | order2 = 2nd | term_start2 = 1977 | term_end2 = 1981 | predecessor2 = H. Guyford Stever | successor2 = George A. Keyworth, II | president2 = Jimmy Carter | module = |field = Geophysics |work_institutions = Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Caltech Seismological Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Office of Science and Technology Policy |alma_mater = City College of New York {{small|(B.S.) (1944)}} Columbia University {{small|(M.S.) (1946)}} Columbia University {{small|(Ph.D)(1949)}} |thesis_title = Two applications of normal mode sound propagation in the ocean |thesis_url = https://search.proquest.com/docview/301814723/ |thesis_year = 1949 |doctoral_advisor = Maurice "Doc" Ewing |doctoral_students = Don L. Anderson Charles Archambeau Ari Ben-Menahem |known_for = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = William Bowie Medal {{small|(1979)}} Japan Prize {{small|(1993)}} Vannevar Bush Award {{small|(1994)}} AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize (1994) Lomonosov Gold Medal {{small|(1997)}} }} Frank Press (born December 4, 1924) is an American geophysicist. [1]He was an advisor to four U.S. presidents, and later served two consecutive terms as president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1981–1993). He is the author of 160 scientific papers and co-author of the textbooks Earth and Understanding Earth. Press served on the President's Science Advisory Committee during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, and was appointed by President Richard Nixon to the National Science Board. In 1977 he was appointed President Jimmy Carter's Science Advisor and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, serving until 1981. [2] Early life and careerBorn in Brooklyn, New York, Press graduated with a B.S. degree from the City College of New York (1944) and completed his M.A. (1946) and Ph.D. (1949) degrees at Columbia University under Maurice "Doc" Ewing.[3] As one of Ewing's two assistant professors, (with J. Lamar "Joe" Worzel as the other) Press was a co-founder of Lamont Geological Observatory (now Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory) in Palisades, N.Y. Originally trained as an oceanographer, Press participated in research cruises on the sailing vessels RV Vema and RV Atlantis. In the early 1950s, Press turned to seismology, co-authoring with Ewing and Jardetzky a seminal monograph on elastic waves in layered media. In 1957, Press was recruited by Caltech to succeed founder Beno Gutenberg as director of the Seismological Laboratory, a position in which he remained until 1965. The appointment was controversial in that it passed over both Hugo Benioff and Charles Richter, then the laboratory's senior professors, for a much younger outsider. Press' accomplishments in this period include the design of a long-period seismograph, and the first detection of the Earth's normal modes of oscillation ("bell ringing"), excited by the Great Chilean earthquake, a pioneering application of digital processing to seismic recordings. Press was also closely involved in the construction of a lunar seismograph, first deployed by the Apollo 11 astronauts (see Lunar seismology). Later careerIn 1965, Press moved to MIT as department head of Earth and Planetary Sciences, where, with significant support from philanthropist Cecil H. Green, he revitalized what had been an overly traditional geology department by hiring new faculty members. He remained at MIT until 1976, and during this time, his work included collaborations with Vladimir Keilis-Borok and Leon Knopoff on computer pattern matching techniques that could be applied to earthquake prediction. In 1976, Press became Science Advisor to President Jimmy Carter and director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. In 1981 he was elected president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and was re-elected in 1987, serving for a total of 12 years. In 1996, Press co-founded WAG (the Washington Advisory Group, later known as the Advisory Group at Huron), a global consulting company with clients that included approximately 50 leading universities. WAG played a notable role all phases of the founding of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.[4] Press chaired that university's international advisory committee until 2010. Press is the recipient of 30 honorary degrees. Named in his honor are Mount Press, which in the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica; and Osedax frankpressi, a species of whalebone-eating marine worm. Notable accomplishments
Awards
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References
Notes1. ^1981-1993 NAS President {{s-start}}{{s-gov}}{{s-bef|before=H. Guyford Stever}}{{s-ttl|title=Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy|years=1977 – 1981}}{{s-aft|after=George A. Keyworth, II}}{{s-break}}{{s-npo|pro}}{{s-bef|before=Philip Handler}}{{s-ttl|title=President of the National Academy of Sciences|years=1981 – 1993}}{{s-aft|after=Bruce Alberts}}{{s-end}}{{NAS presidents}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Press, Frank}}2. ^[https://history.aip.org/phn/11601017.html Physics History Network] 3. ^{{cite thesis |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/301814723/ |title=Two applications of normal mode sound propagation in the ocean |date=1949 |publisher=Columbia University |type=Ph.D. |last=Press |first=Frank |via=ProQuest |subscription=yes |oclc=6364305}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Al-Naimi |first1=Ali |title=Out of the Desert |date=2016 |publisher=Portfolio Penguin |location=Great Britain |isbn=9780241279250 |pages=254}} 18 : 1924 births|Living people|Office of Science and Technology Policy officials|Presidents of the United States National Academy of Sciences|American geophysicists|American seismologists|Columbia University alumni|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|Jewish American scientists|Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory people|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences|National Medal of Science laureates|Vannevar Bush Award recipients|Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts|Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences|Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society |
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