“1903 papal conclave”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The papal conclave of 1903 followed the death of Pope Leo XIII after a reign of 25 years. Some 62 cardinals participated in the balloting. Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria asserted the right claimed by certain Catholic rulers to veto a candidate for the papacy, blocking the election of the leading candidate, Cardinal Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla.

On the morning of the fifth day, on its seventh ballot, the conclave elected Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who took the name Pius X.

Background

The pontificate of Leo XIII came to an end on 20 July 1903 after 25 years, longer than any previous elected Pope, except his predecessor Pius IX; together, they had reigned 57 years. While Pius had been a conservative reactionary, Leo had been seen as a liberal, certainly in comparison with his predecessor. As cardinals gathered, the key question was whether a pope would be chosen who would continue Leo's policies or return to the style of papacy of Pius IX.

Of the 64 cardinals, 62 participated.^[1] Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano was the only elector with previous experience of electing a pope.^[2] Health prevented Michelangelo Celesia of Palermo from traveling and Patrick Francis Moran of Sydney was not expected before August 20.^[3]

Balloting

When the cardinals assembled in the Sistine Chapel, attention focused on Cardinal Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla, though cardinals from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires preferred a candidate more closely aligned with their interests, which meant relatively hostile to France and republicanism and less supportive of the social justice advocacy of Leo XIII. They were persuaded that their first choice, Serafino Vannutelli, who had been a Vatican diplomat in Vienna, was not electable and settled on Girolamo Maria Gotti instead.

After a first day without balloting, the cardinals voted once each morning and once each afternoon. The first ballots were taken on the second day of the conclave, and that afternoon's ballot had 29 votes for Rampolla, 16 for Gotti, and 10 for Giuseppe Sarto, and others scattered.^[4] Some of the Germans thought that Gotti's appeal was limited and decided to support Sarto as their best alternative to Rampolla, who otherwise appeared likely to win the two-thirds vote required, which was 42. As the cardinals were completing their third set of ballots on the morning of 2 August, Cardinal Jan Maurycy Pawel Puzyna de Kosielsko, the Prince-Bishop of Kraków and a subject of Austria-Hungary, acting on instructions from Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, exercised the Emperor's right of jus exclusivae, that is, to veto one candidate.{{efn|Three leading Catholic heads of state claimed the jus exclusivae: the King of France, the King of Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor never explained his reasons, but it was likely provoked by Rampolla's policies as Secretary of State, especially his attempt to seek a rapprochement with the anticlerical government of the French Third Republic as Secretary of State. The Italian government, which had no veto, also resented the policies of Rampolla, a southern Italian, toward their government dominated by northern Italian interests.^[5]^[6]}} At first there were objections and some cardinals wanted to ignore the Emperor's communication. Then Rampolla called it "an affront to the dignity of the Sacred College" but withdrew himself from consideration saying that "with regard to my humble person, I declare that nothing could be more honorable, nothing more agreeable could have happened." Nevertheless the third ballot showed no change in support for Rampolla, still with 29 votes, while the next two candidates had switched positions, with 21 for Sarto and 9 for Gotti. Several cardinals later wrote of their disgust at the Emperor's intervention, one writing that it left a "great, painful impression on all". The afternoon tested the remaining sympathy for Rampolla, who gained a single vote, while Sarto had 24 and Gotti fell to 3. The precise impact of the Emperor's intervention is difficult to assess, since Rampolla continued to have strong support for several ballots. Yet one contemporaneous assessment held that "After calm reflection, those who had voted for Rampolla up to this time had to consider that an election against the expressed wish of the Emperor of Austria would at once place the new Pope in a most unpleasant position."^[7] The fifth ballot on the morning on the third day showed Sarto leading with 27, Rampolla down to 24, and Gotti at 6, with a few still scattered. Sarto then announced that the cardinals should vote for someone else, that he did not have what was required of a pope. The movement toward Sarto continued in the afternoon: Sarto 35, Rampolla 16, Gotti 7. On the morning of 4 August, on the seventh ballot, the conclave elected Sarto with 50 votes, leaving 10 for Rampolla and 2 for Gotti.^[8]^[9]

Sarto took the name Pius X. Following the practice of his two immediate predecessors since the 1870 invasion of Rome, Pius X gave his first Urbi et Orbi blessing on a balcony facing into St. Peter's Basilica rather than facing the crowds outside, a symbolic representation of his opposition to Italian rule of Rome and his demand for a return of the Papal States to his authority.

End of the veto

On 20 January 1904, less than six months after his election, Pius X issued the apostolic constitution Commissum Nobis which prohibited the exercise of the jus exclusivae. Where previous popes had issued rules restricting outside influence on the cardinal electors, Pius used more thorough and detailed language, prohibiting not only the assertion of the right to veto but even the expression of "a simple desire" to that effect. He set automatic excommunication as the penalty for violating his strictures. He also required conclave participants to swear an oath to abide by these rules and not allow any influence by "lay powers of any grade or order".

Data

Notes

References

1. ^¹{{cite book |first=Francis A. |last=Burkle-Young |title=Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878-1922 |year=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0-7391-0114-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9QxJMdp6FMC&pg=PA161& |pages = 161-2}}
2. ^{{cite book |first=Francis A. |last=Burkle-Young |title=Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878-1922 |year=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0-7391-0114-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9QxJMdp6FMC&pg=PA72& |pages = 72 }}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Sixty-Two Cardinals in Rome for Conclave|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/07/30/105056510.pdf |accessdate=15 November 2017|work=New York Times|date=30 July 1903}}
4. ^{{cite news | accessdate = 16 November 2017 | date=2 June 2014 | url = http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/06/02/ballot-sheets-from-1903-conclave-to-be-sold-at-auction/ | work = Catholic Herald | title= Ballot sheets from 1903 conclave to be sold at auction | first= David V. | last=Barrett }}
5. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm | title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Right of Exclusion| | accessdate=15 November 2017}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Walsh|first1=Michael|title=The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections|date=2003|publisher=Sheed & Ward|page=146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOg_xLCvpn4C&pg=PA146&|accessdate=17 November 2017}}
7. ^{{cite book| first1=Josef |last1=Schmidlin |first2= Anton |last2=de Waal|title=Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X|date=1904| publisher= Benziger Brothers| pages=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmQJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA188& |accessdate=17 November 2017}}
8. ^{{cite book| last1=Pham| first1=John-Peter| title=Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession|date=2004 |publisher= Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA_k9HYkh8C&pg=RA1-PR11&|accessdate=17 November 2017}}
9. ^{{cite book| first1=Josef |last1=Schmidlin |first2= Anton |last2=de Waal|title=Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X|date=1904| publisher= Benziger Brothers| pages=186ff.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmQJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA186&|accessdate=17 November 2017}}
10. ^{{cite book|first1=Josef |last1=Schmidlin |first2= Anton |last2=de Waal|title=Life of His Holiness Pope Pius X|date=1904|publisher=Benziger Brothers|pages=151ff.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmQJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA151&|accessdate=17 November 2017}}