| 词条 | Fraunhofer Society | ||
| 释义 |
| name = Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft | native_name = Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. | native_name_lang = de | formation = {{start date and age|paren=yes|1949}} | location = Munich, Germany | key_people = Reimund Neugebauer (President) | type = Applied research | num_staff = 25,000 | budget = €2.3 billion (2017) | homepage = {{url|http://www.fraunhofer.de/}} }} The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft ({{lang-de|Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.{{nnbsp}}V.}},[1] "Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research") is a German research organization with 72{{nbsp}}institutes spread throughout Germany, each focusing on different fields of applied science (as opposed to the Max Planck Society, which works primarily on basic science). With over 25,000 employees, mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.3{{nbsp}}billion[2] it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe. Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is provided by the state (the German public, through the federal government together with the states or Länder, "owns" the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work, either for government-sponsored projects or from industry.[2] It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who, as a scientist, an engineer, and an entrepreneur, is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society. The organization has seven centers in the United States, under the name "Fraunhofer USA", and three in Asia.[3] In October 2010, Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America.[4] Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established along with the Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics, in Glasgow, Scotland, in March 2012. The Fraunhofer modelThe so-called "Fraunhofer model" has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the society's continuing growth. Under the model, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects. The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state (Land) government grants and is used to support preparatory research. Thus the size of the society's budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions. This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes. This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft's strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible, autonomous and entrepreneurial approach to the society's research priorities. InstitutesThe Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft currently operates 72 institutes and research units. These are Fraunhofer Institutes for: {{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
Fraunhofer USAIn addition to its German institutes, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft operates seven US-based Centers through its American subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA:
Fraunhofer SingaporeIn 2017 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia:
Notable projects
HistoryThe Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was founded in Munich on March 26, 1949, by representatives of industry and academia, the government of Bavaria, and the nascent Federal Republic. In 1952, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape (alongside the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Max Planck Institutes). Whether the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft should support applied research through its own facilities was, however, the subject of a long-running dispute. From 1954, the Society's first institutes developed. By 1956, it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense. In 1959, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark. In 1965, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research. In 1968, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft became the target of public criticism for its role in military research. By 1969, Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes. The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark. At this time, a "commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" planned the further development of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success. This would later come to be known as the "Fraunhofer Model". The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973. In the same year, the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich. The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established, and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years. In 1977, the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research. By 1984, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark. By 1988, defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. By 1989, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes, with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark. In 1991, Fraunhofer faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. In 1993, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft's total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark. In 1994, the Society founded a US-based subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA, Inc., to extend the outreach of Fraunhofer's R&D network to American clients. Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft to being a market and customer-oriented, nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research. In 1999, Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture, a technology transfer office, to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes. Between 2000 and 2001, the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD (Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology) were integrated into the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research. The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS): MP3, a lossy audio format which they developed, is the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio. In 2002, ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH (HHI), which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e. V. (GWL), was transferred to the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. With this integration the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time. In 2003, the Fraunhofer headquarters moved to its own building in Munich. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired "values and guidelines" of the society's "culture". Amongst these, the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential. In 2004, the former "Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology" at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS) gained the status of an independent institute. It became Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT. New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions. In 2005, two new institutes, the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden, were founded. In 2006, the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems (IAIS) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems (AIS), and the Institute for Media Communication (IMK). In 2009, the former FGAN Institutes were converted into a Fraunhofer Institutes, amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR.[11] Image galleryPresidents
See also
References1. ^{{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|r|aʊ|n|ˌ|h|oʊ|f|ər}}; {{IPA-de|ˈfraʊnˌhoːfɐ|lang}} 2. ^1 Facts and Figures 3. ^{{cite web| author = Staff| date = March 2006| url = http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/institutes-research-establishments/international.html| title = Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft: International Locations| work = Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft organizational web site| accessdate = 2006-06-06}} 4. ^{{cite web| author = Staff| date = October 2010| url = http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/10/chile-systems-biotechnology.jsp| title = Fraunhofer in Chile| work = Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft organizational web site| accessdate = 2010-10-22}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mp3-history.com/en/the_mp3_history.html |title=The mp3 History |publisher=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft |accessdate=2013-12-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101070826/http://www.mp3-history.com/en/the_mp3_history.html |archivedate=2014-01-01 }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://ukingermany.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-germany/science-innovation-team/factheets-notes/frauenhofer-society |title=UK in Germany |publisher=Britischebotschaft.de |date=1 August 2008 |accessdate=2012-07-13}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/index.php?id=501 |title=Heinrich Hertz Institute - Another EMMY for H.264 |publisher=Hhi.fraunhofer.de |date= |accessdate=2012-07-13}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/amm/implementierungen/fdkaaccodec.html|title=Ten facts about the Fraunhofer FDK AAC Codec Library for Android™|publisher=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft|year=2012|accessdate=2013-12-31}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/05/concentrator-solar-cells.jsp |title=High efficiency concentrator solar cells and moduls - Research-News-Special-Edition-05-2010-Topic 2 |publisher=Fraunhofer.de |date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=2012-07-13}} 10. ^{{cite news | first = Brett | last = Popplewell | title = Reassembling a puzzle with 600 million pieces | date = 20 January 2008 | work = Toronto Star | location = Toronto, Canada | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/01/20/reassembling_a_puzzle_with_600_million_pieces.html | access-date = 2016-11-12}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fkie.fraunhofer.de/de/Pressemeldungen/FKIE_staerkt_Bonn_als_nationales_Zentrum_fuer_Cybersicherheit.html |title=Fraunhofer-FKIE stärkt Bonn als nationales Zentrum für Cybersicherheit | access-date=2017-11-18}} 12. ^Chronicle of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fraunhofer.de/de/ueber-fraunhofer/profil-struktur/vorstand/neugebauer.html |title=Präsident der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft }} External links
8 : 1949 establishments in Germany|Engineering research institutes|Fraunhofer Society|Laboratories in Germany|Members of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics|Organizations established in 1949|Robotics organizations|Scientific organisations based in Germany |
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