| 词条 | Frederick Fleet |
| 释义 |
| name = Frederick Fleet | image = Frederick Fleet Titanic.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Fleet in 1912 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|10|15|df=y}} | birth_place = Liverpool, UK | death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|1|10|1887|10|15|df=y}} | death_place = Southampton, UK | death_cause = Suicide by hanging | birth_name = | occupation = Sailor, Crewman | nationality = British }}Frederick Fleet (15 October 1887 – 10 January 1965) was a British sailor, crewman and survivor of the sinking of the {{RMS|Titanic}} after it struck an iceberg on 14 April 1912.[1] Alongside fellow lookout Reginald Lee, on duty, aboard the Titanic when the ship struck the iceberg, it was Fleet who first sighted the iceberg, ringing the bridge to proclaim, "Iceberg, right ahead!"[2] Fleet testified at the subsequent inquiries into the sinking that, had he and Lee been issued with binoculars: "We could have seen it (the iceberg) a bit sooner." When asked how much sooner, he responded, "Well, enough to get out of the way."[3] In later life, Fleet suffered severe depression and as a result committed suicide by hanging in January 1965. BiographyEarly life and sea careerFleet was born in Liverpool on 15 October 1887. He never knew his father, and his mother abandoned him and fled with a boyfriend to Springfield, Massachusetts, in the United States never to be seen or heard from again.[4] Frederick was raised by a succession of foster families and distant relatives. In 1903 he went to sea as a deck boy, working his way up to able seaman.[5] Before joining the crew of the RMS Titanic he had sailed for over four years as a lookout in the RMS Oceanic.[5] As a seaman, Fleet earned five pounds per month plus an extra 5 shillings for lookout duty.[5] And it was as a lookout that Fleet joined the Titanic in April 1912, along with five other watchmen.[5] R.M.S. TitanicFleet boarded the Titanic in Southampton on 10 April 1912. The ship made two stops, first in Cherbourg, France and Queenstown, in Ireland. The lookouts, six in total, made two-hour shifts due to extreme cold in the crow's nest.[6] The trip was uneventful until the night of 14 April 1912. At 22:00 (10 p.m.) that night, Fleet and his fellow lookout Reginald Lee replaced George Symons and Archie Jewell at the nest.[7] They passed on the order given earlier to them by second officer Charles Lightoller to watch out for small ice.[8] The night was calm and moonless, which made it difficult to spot the icebergs due to the lack of waves breaking against the base of the iceberg and reflection.[9] Furthermore, despite Fleet and his fellow lookouts having repeatedly requested being provided with binoculars,[10][11] they were not available for the lookouts. It is sometimes attributed to the last-minute change in the hierarchy of the ship when officer David Blair was replaced by Henry Tingle Wilde, without Blair mentioning where the binoculars had been located. It has been also mentioned that Blair accidentally took the keys of the cabinet containing the binoculars with him.[12] Despite both inquiries into the disaster, nothing clarified why the lookouts were not provided with binoculars, though there are many explanations such as one that the White Star Line steamers' lookouts did not particularly use them.[13] Besides, some experts have said that even using binoculars, neither Fleet nor Lee could have spotted the iceberg any sooner given the conditions of the night.[14] At 23:39 (11:39 p.m.), Fleet first spotted the iceberg and rang the nest's bell three times to warn the bridge of something ahead. Then, using the nest's telephone he pronounced the infamous "Iceberg! Right Ahead!" warning to sixth officer James Paul Moody who immediately notified first officer William McMaster Murdoch; in charge of the bridge.[15] After the collision, Fleet and Lee remained on duty for twenty more minutes.[16] At 00:00 (12 a.m.), Fleet and Lee were relieved by Alfred Frank Evans and George Hogg.[17] Fleet went down to boat deck and helped to prepare Lifeboat No. 6. Minutes later, when the boat was already prepared, second officer Lightoller put quartermaster Robert Hichens in charge of the lifeboat and ordered Fleet aboard as well.[16] As they were lowered away, Hichens and American socialite Margaret Brown realized there were only two sailors to man the boat, including Fleet and called for another sailor to be sent.[18] As no able seaman was near, Canadian Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen volunteered to join the boat saying he had experience in sailing. He was ordered by Lightoller to reach the boat by climbing down a rope, which he did successfully.[18] Once away from the sinking ship, the boat tried to reach the lights of a ship in the distance, thought to be the SS Californian.[19] While Hichens remained at the tiller, Fleet and Peuchen managed the oars. Arguments and problems arose on boat 6 as quartermaster Hichens kept insulting and mistreating the rowers, including Margaret Brown and Helen Churchill Candee. Later in the night, there was an argument on whether to return for survivors, with Hichens warning against returning saying they would be swamped by swimmers.[20] The lifeboat finally reached the RMS Carpathia by 6:00 a.m. on Monday, 15 April 1912.[21] After the disaster, Fleet underwent two inquiries; first, the U.S. Inquiry and then the British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry. In the United States, he was inquired by Senator William Alden Smith, to whom he repeatedly said that had they been equipped with binoculars, the disaster wouldn't have happened.[2] Before the British Inquiry, he underwent a long examination, often repetitive, for which he refused to answer many of the questions. Lord Mersey, Chairman of the Commission concluded Fleet's interrogation by telling him that he was grateful for his willingness to answer questions despite his wariness when responding to every question. Fleet replied with a sarcastic "Thanks."[22] World Wars and later lifeFleet served in the Titanic{{'}}s sister ship RMS Olympic before leaving the White Star Line in August 1912 after noticing that the company treated those involved with the Titanic differently - in an attempt to forgive what had happened.[23] For the next 24 years he sailed for different shipping companies, including the Union-Castle Line. Fleet served on merchant ships throughout World War I. Later, he was the ship's lookout again on the RMS Olympic, during the 1920s and early 1930s.[24] When he left the sea in 1936, he was hired by Harland & Wolff to work at the company's shipyards in Southampton.[25] While working there, he lived with his wife's brother. He served again during World War II.[16] Later, when he was about to retire, he became a newspaper seller, going through difficult economic times.[25] DeathShortly after Christmas, on 28 December 1964, Fleet's wife died, and her brother evicted him from the house.[26] Consequently, Fleet fell into a downward spiral of depression and subsequently hanged himself in the house's garden on 10 January 1965.[26] Fleet was buried in a pauper's grave at Hollybrook Cemetery, in Southampton. This grave remained unmarked until 1993, when a headstone bearing an engraving of the Titanic was erected through donations raised by the Titanic Historical Society.[26][27] References1. ^Fleet was second-in-charge aboard lifeboat #6 2. ^1 United States Senate Inquiry Day 4, Testimony of Frederick Fleet. 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq2/AmInq04Fleet02.php|title=TIP - United States Senate Inquiry - Day 4 - Testimony of Frederick Fleet, cont.|website=www.titanicinquiry.org}} 4. ^{{cite book| last1 = Spignesi | first1 = Stephen J.| title = The Titanic For Dummies| location = | publisher = John Wiley & Sons| page = 118| date = January 2012| isbn = 978-1-118-17766-2}} 5. ^1 2 3 Stories from The Titanic, National Archives UK. 6. ^{{cite book| last1 = Golden | first1 = Frank| last2 = Tipton | first2 = Michael| title = Essentials of Sea Survival| location = | publisher = Human Kinetics Pub Inc| page = 12| date = June 2002| isbn = 978-0-7360-0215-8}} 7. ^{{cite book| last1 = Matthews | first1 = Rupert| title = Titanic: The Tragic Story of the Ill-fated Ocean Liner| location = | publisher = Arcturus Publishing| pages = | date = March 2011| isbn = 1-84837-763-0}} 8. ^{{cite book| last1 = Spignesi | first1 = Stephen J.| title = The Titanic For Dummies| location = | publisher = John Wiley & Sons| page = 86| date = January 2012| isbn = 978-1-118-17766-2}} 9. ^{{cite book| last1 = Angel | first1 = Simon| title = The Titanic - "Everything Was Against Us"| location = | publisher = CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform| page = 53| date = April 2012| isbn = 978-1-4751-2793-5}} 10. ^[https://historicsouthampton.wordpress.com/2016/09/18/frederick-fleet/ historicsouthampton.wordpress.com/] 11. ^[https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/defending-fleet-and-lee.html encyclopedia-titanica.org] 12. ^Is this the man who sank the Titanic by walking off with vital locker key?, Daily Mail. 13. ^{{cite book| last1 = Maltin | first1 = Tim| last2 = Aston | first2 = Eloise| title = 101 Things You Thought You Knew about the Titanic - But Didn't!| location = | publisher = Penguin Books| page = 33| date = November 2011| isbn = 978-0-14-311909-8}} 14. ^10 causes of the Titanic tragedy, NBC news. 15. ^{{cite book| last1 = Spignesi | first1 = Stephen J.| title = The Titanic For Dummies| location = | publisher = John Wiley & Sons| page = 304| date = January 2012| isbn = 978-1-118-17766-2}} 16. ^1 2 Fred Fleet did his duty on Titanic, now resting in peace, Herald Dispatch. 17. ^{{cite book| last1 = Kuntz | first1 = Tom| title = The Titanic Disaster Hearings| location = | publisher = Gallery Books| page = 184| date = October 2010| isbn = 978-1-4516-2347-5}} 18. ^1 {{cite book| last1 = Brewster | first1 = Hugh| title = Gilded Lives, Fatal Voyage: The Titanic's First-Class Passengers and Their World| location = | publisher = Crown| pages = | date = March 2012| isbn = 978-0-307-98481-4}} 19. ^{{cite book| last1 = Lord | first1 = Walter| title = The Complete Titanic Chronicles: A Night to Remember and The Night Lives On| location = | publisher = Open Road Media| pages = | date = March 2013| isbn = 978-1-4804-1058-9}} 20. ^{{cite book| last1 = Spignesi | first1 = Stephen J.| title = The Titanic For Dummies| location = | publisher = John Wiley & Sons| page = 51| date = January 2012| isbn = 978-1-118-17766-2}} 21. ^{{cite book| last1 = Shapiro | first1 = Marc| title = Total Titanic| location = | publisher = Boylston Multimedia| pages = | date = May 2013| isbn = 978-0-671-01202-1}} 22. ^{{cite book| last1 = Chirnside | first1 = Mark| title = The 'Olympic' class ships : Olympic, Titanic, Britannic| location = | publisher = Tempus| pages = 206, 207| year = 2004| isbn = 978-0-7524-5895-3}} 23. ^{{cite book| last1 = Hooper McCarty | first1 = Jennifer| last2 = Foecke | first2 = Tim| title = What Really Sank the Titanic| location = | publisher = Citadel; 1 edition| page = 230| date = February 2008| isbn = 978-0-8065-2895-3}} 24. ^On A Sea Of Glass: The Life & Loss Of The RMS Titanic" by Tad Fitch, J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt. Amberley Books, March 2012. p 371 25. ^1 {{cite book| last1 = Spignesi | first1 = Stephen J.| title = The Titanic For Dummies| location = | publisher = John Wiley & Sons| page = 47| date = January 2012| isbn = 978-1-118-17766-2}} 26. ^1 2 Edmonds, Robert (2009). "Frederick Fleet(1887–1965)". Maritime Quest. Retrieved August 12, 2018. 27. ^Frederick Fleet biography. Biography.com. August 12, 2018. External links{{Commons category|Frederick Fleet}}
10 : 1887 births|1965 deaths|British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II|British Merchant Service personnel of World War I|Burials in Hampshire|History of mental health in the United Kingdom|RMS Titanic's crew and passengers|People from Liverpool|RMS Titanic survivors|Suicides by hanging in England |
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