词条 | Freedom Charter |
释义 |
The Freedom Charter was the statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress (ANC) and its allies - the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. It is characterized by its opening demand; "The People Shall Govern!"[1] History{{further|Congress of the People (1955)}}After about a decade of multi-faceted resistance to white minority rule, and in the wake of the Defiance Campaign of 1952, the work to create the Freedom Charter was in part a response to an increasingly repressive government which was bent on stamping out extra-parliamentary dissent.[2] In 1955, the ANC sent out 50,000 volunteers into townships and the countryside to collect "freedom demands" from the people of South Africa. This system was designed to give all South Africans equal rights. Demands such as "Land to be given to all landless people", "Living wages and shorter hours of work", "Free and compulsory education, irrespective of colour, race or nationality" were synthesized into the final document by ANC leaders including Z.K. Mathews, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Ethel Drus[3], Ruth First and Alan Lipman (whose wife, Beata Lipman, hand-wrote the original Charter). The Charter was officially adopted on Sunday 26 June 1955 at a gathering of about 3,000 people, known as the Congress of the People in Kliptown, Soweto.[4][5][6] The meeting was broken up by police on the second day, although by then the Charter had been read in full. The crowd had shouted its approval of each section with cries of "Afrika!" and "Mayibuye!"[7][8] Nelson Mandela escaped the police by disguising himself as a milkman, as his movements and interactions were restricted by banning orders at the time.[9] The document signified a major break with the past traditions of the struggle; this was no longer a civil rights movement seeking to be accommodated in the existing structures of society, but called for a fundamental restructuring of all aspects of South African society.[2] The document is notable for its demand for and commitment to a non-racial South Africa, and this has remained the platform of the ANC. As a result, ANC members who held pro-African views left the ANC after it adopted the charter, forming the Pan Africanist Congress. The charter also calls for democracy and human rights, land reform, labour rights, and nationalisation. After the Congress was denounced as treason, the South African government banned the ANC and arrested 156 activists, including Mandela, who were put on trial in the 1956 Treason Trial, in which all were acquitted. The Charter continued to circulate in the revolutionary underground and inspired a new generation of young militants in the 1980s.[7] When the ANC finally came to power after democratic elections in 1994, the new Constitution of South Africa included many of the demands of the Freedom Charter. It addressed directly nearly all of the demands for equality of race and language, but made no reference to nationalisation of industry or redistribution of land which were outlined in the charter.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Freedom CharterWe, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people; that our people have been robbed of their birthright to land, liberty and peace by a form of government founded on injustice and inequality; that our country will never be prosperous or free until all our people live in brotherhood, enjoying equal rights and opportunities; that only a democratic state, based on the will of all the people, can secure to all their birthright without distinction of colour, race, sex or belief; And therefore, we, the people of South Africa, black and white together - equals, countrymen and brothers - adopt this Freedom Charter. And we pledge ourselves to strive together, sparing neither strength nor courage, until the democratic changes here set out have been won. The People Shall Govern!Every man and woman shall have the right to vote for and to stand as a candidate for all bodies which make laws;
All National Groups Shall Have Equal Rights!There shall be equal status in the bodies of state, in the courts and in the schools for all national groups and races;
The People Shall Share In The Country's Wealth!The national wealth of our country, the heritage of all South Africans, shall be restored to the people;
The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It!Restrictions of land ownership on a racial basis shall be ended, and all the land redivided amongst those who work it, to banish famine and land hunger;
assist the tillers;
All Shall Be Equal Before The Law!No one shall be imprisoned, deported or restricted without a fair trial;
All Shall Enjoy Equal Human Rights!The law shall guarantee to all their right to speak, to organise, to meet together, to publish, to preach, to worship and to educate their children;
There Shall Be Work And Security!All who work shall be free to form trade unions, to elect their officers and to make wage agreements with their employers;
The Doors Of Learning And Of Culture Shall Be Opened!The government shall discover, develop and encourage national talent for the enhancement of our cultural life;
There Shall Be Houses, Security And Comfort!All people shall have the right to live where they choose, to be decently housed, and to bring up their families in comfort and security;
There Shall Be Peace And Friendship!South Africa shall be a fully independent state, which respects the rights and sovereignty of all nations;
Let all who love their people and their country now say, as we say here: 'THESE FREEDOMS WE WILL FIGHT FOR, SIDE BY SIDE, THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES, UNTIL WE HAVE WON OUR LIBERTY.' Adopted at the Congress of the People, Kliptown, South Africa, on 26 June 1955.[10] References{{commons category}}1. ^{{citation|title=Freedom Charter|author=www.anc.org.za|publisher=ANC|date=1955}} {{Politics of South Africa navbox |state=expanded}}{{Political history of South Africa}}2. ^1 {{cite web|website=South African History Online|title=Significance of the Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/significance-congress-people-and-freedom-charter|accessdate=16 March 2019|date=4 August 2016}} 3. ^Ethel Drus 4. ^{{cite web|website=South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/freedom-charter-adopted-kliptown|title=The Freedom Charter is adopted in Kliptown|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=16 March 2019}} 5. ^"Father of Freedom Charter dies", Johannesburg Star, 28-01-13 6. ^{{cite book|last=Pillay|first=Gerald J.|title=Voices of Liberation: Albert Lutuli|year=1993|publisher=HSRC Press|isbn=0-7969-1356-0|pages=82–91}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Shock Doctrine|author=Naomi Klein|publisher=London: Penguin Group|date=2007}} 8. ^The Mayibuye Uprising was part of the Defiance Campaign in 1952. 9. ^{{citation|title=Long Walk to Freedom|author=Nelson Mandela|publisher=New York: Little, Brown and Company|date=1994}} 10. ^{{cite journal |title=The Freedom Charter (With a Note by Hilda Bernstein) |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=672–677 |jstor=3991903|date=April 1987 |doi=10.1080/01436598708419993|last1=Bernstein |first1=Hilda }}{{Subscription required |via=JSTOR}} External links
2 : Opposition to apartheid in South Africa|History of the African National Congress |
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