“William H. Hastie”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

William Henry Hastie Jr. (November 17, 1904 – April 14, 1976) was an American lawyer, judge, educator, public official, and advocate for the civil rights of African Americans. He was the first African American to serve as Governor of the United States Virgin Islands, as a federal judge,^[1] and as a federal appellate judge.^[2] He served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and previously served as District Judge of the District Court of the Virgin Islands.

Early life

Hastie was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of William Henry Hastie, Sr. and Roberta Childs.^[3] His maternal ancestors were African-American and Native American. Family tradition held that one female ancestor was a Malagasy princess.^[4] He graduated from Dunbar High School, a top academic school for black students. Hastie attended Amherst College in Massachusetts, where he graduated first in his class, magna cum laude, and Phi Beta Kappa, receiving an Artium Baccalaureus degree.^[5] He received a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1930, followed by a Doctor of Juridical Science from the same institution in 1933.^[6]

Legal career

Hastie was entered the private practice of law in Washington, D.C. from 1930 to 1933.^[6] From 1933 to 1937 he served as assistant solicitor for the United States Department of the Interior,^[6] advising the agency on racial issues.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} He had worked with Charles Hamilton Houston, former dean of the Howard University Law School, on setting up a joint law practice. {{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Hastie to the District Court of the Virgin Islands,^[5] making Hastie the first African-American federal judge.^[6] This was a controversial action; Democratic United States Senator William H. King of Utah, the Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary called Hastie's appointment a "blunder."{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

In 1939, Hastie resigned from the court to become the Dean of the Howard University School of Law, where he had previously taught.^[2] During his tenure as a legal professor at Howard University, Hastie had become a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} One of his students was Thurgood Marshall, who led the Legal Defense Fund for the NAACP and was appointed as a United States Supreme Court Justice.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Hastie served as a co-lead lawyer with Thurgood Marshall in the voting rights case of Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944), in which the Supreme Court ruled against white primaries.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} One of Houston's sons became a name partner at their law firm.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

World War II

During World War II, Hastie worked as a civilian aide to the United States Secretary of War Henry Stimson from 1940 to 1942.^[6] He vigorously advocated the equal treatment of African Americans in the United States Army and their unrestricted use in the war effort.^[7]

On January 15, 1943, Hastie resigned his position in protest against racially segregated training facilities in the United States Army Air Forces, inadequate training for African-American pilots, and the unequal distribution of assignments between whites and non-whites.^[7] That same year, he received the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, both for his lifetime achievements and in recognition of this protest action.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

In 1946, President Harry S. Truman appointed Hastie as Territorial Governor of the United States Virgin Islands.^[6] He was the first African American to hold this position. Hastie served as governor from 1946 to 1949.^[6]{{clear}}

Federal judicial service

Hastie received a recess appointment from President Harry S. Truman on October 21, 1949, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 63 Stat. 493, becoming the first African-American federal appellate judge. He was nominated to the same position by President Truman on January 5, 1950. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 19, 1950, and received his commission on July 22, 1950. He served as Chief officer as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1968 to 1971. He assumed senior status on May 31, 1971. He was a Judge of the Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals from 1972 to 1976. His service terminated on April 14, 1976, due to his death in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while playing golf.^[8]^[9]

Supreme Court consideration

As the first African American on the Federal bench, Hastie was considered as a possible candidate to be the first African-American Justice of the Supreme Court. In an interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro?, Hastie commented that, as a judge, he had not been able to be "out in the hustings, and to personally sample grassroots reaction," but that, in order for the civil rights movement to succeed, class and race must both be considered.^[10]

In 1962, President John F. Kennedy considered appointing Hastie to succeed retiring Justice Charles Whittaker.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} But due to political calculations he did not.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} He believed that an African-American appointee would have faced fierce opposition in the United States Senate from Southerners such as James Eastland (D-Mississippi), chairman of the Judiciary Committee.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} Conversely, on issues other than civil rights, Hastie was considered relatively moderate, and Chief Justice Earl Warren reportedly opined that Hastie would be too conservative as a justice.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} Kennedy appointed Byron White instead.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Kennedy said that he expected to make several more appointments to the Supreme Court in his presidency and he intended to appoint Hastie to the Court at a later date.^[11]

Honor

The Third Circuit Library in Philadelphia is named in Hastie's honor.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} In addition, an urban natural area in Knoxville, Tennessee is named in his honor.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

See also

References

1. ^"History of the Federal Judiciary: First African American Judges", Federal Judicial Center
2. ^¹{{Cite interview| interviewer = Jerry N. Hess| last = Hastie| first = William H.| type = Transcript| title = Truman Library - Judge William H. Hastie Oral History Interview| accessdate = 2013-03-01| date = 1972-01-05| url = http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/hastie.htm}}
3. ^{{Cite book| publisher = ABC-CLIO| isbn = 1576072029| volume = 1| last = Vile| first = John R.| title = Great American lawyers: an encyclopedia| location = Santa Barbara, Calif| year = 2001}}
4. ^{{Cite book| edition = 1| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 0415926335| pages = 110–113| editors = Maurianne Adams, Rosie Castaneda, Madeline L. Peters, Ximena Zuniga, Warren J. Blumenfeld(eds.)| last = Childs| first = John Brown | title = Readings for Diversity and Social Justice : An Anthology on Racism, Sexism, Anti-Semitism, Heterosexism, Classism, and Ableism| chapter = Red Clay, Blue Hills: In Honor of My Ancestors| location = New York ; London| year = 2000}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=%22District+Court+of+the+Virgin+Islands%22&f=treesort&fq=true&num=13&hl=true&edition=prelim&granuleId=USC-prelim-title18-section23|title=[USC04] 18 USC 23: Court of the United States defined|website=uscode.house.gov}}
6. ^¹{{Cite conference| publisher = Tennessee State University Library| conference = Annual Local Conference on Afro-American Culture and History| editors = Linda T. Wynn, Gayle Brinkley-Johnson (eds.)| last = Wynn| first = Linda T.|author2=Bobby L. Lovett | title = William Henry Hastie (1904–1976)| booktitle = A Profile of African Americans in Tennessee History| location = Nashville, USA| accessdate = 2013-03-01| date = 1995-12-15| url = http://ww2.tnstate.edu/library/digital/hastie.htm}}
7. ^¹{{Cite book| edition = 1| publisher = Bl0]pp[p]p[]p]p][p]p[p[]poomsbury Press| isbn = 9781608196081| last = James| first = Rawn| title = The Double V: How Wars, Protest, and Harry Truman Desegregated America's Military| location = New York| date = 2013-01-22}}
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web|url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/hastie-william-henry|title=Hastie, William Henry - Federal Judicial Center|website=www.fjc.gov}}
9. ^{{Cite news| volume = 50| issue = 6| pages = 6| title = Judge Hastie, First Black Federal Jurist, Dead at 71| work = Jet| date = 1976-04-29| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=csADAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA6&dq=william%20hastie%20golf&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q=william%20hastie%20golf&f=false}}
10. ^{{cite web|last1=Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities|title=William Hastie, Jr|url=http://whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu/interview/william-hastie|website=Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? Archive|accessdate=4 February 2015}}
11. ^{{Cite book| edition = 1st Mariner Books| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| isbn = 9780618219278| last = Schlesinger| first = Arthur Meier| title = A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House| location = Boston| year = 2002| authorlink = Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.| url = https://books.google.com/?id=uFhNxX5lrNEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+thousand+days#v=onepage&q=hastie&f=false}}