| 词条 | French ship Indomptable (1789) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Indomptable ("Indomitable") was a Tonnant-class 80-gun ship of the line in the French Navy, laid down in 1788 and in active service from 1791. Engaged against the Royal Navy after 1794, she was damaged in the Battle of Trafalgar and wrecked near the Spanish city of Cadiz on 24 October 1805. Early serviceIndomptable was designed by naval engineer Jacques-Noël Sané and laid down in Brest in September 1788. She was launched on 20 December 1790, and completed in February 1791. Her first engagement was on 29 May 1794 against {{HMS|Barfleur|1768|6}} and {{HMS|Orion|1787|6}} during the Glorious First of June campaign. Following the battle the dismasted Indomptable was towed back to Brest by Brutus.[1][2] In 1795, she served in the Mediterranean under Admiral François Joseph Bouvet and took part in the landing attempt in Ireland planned by General Louis Lazare Hoche. In 1801, she was engaged in the campaign in Egypt, but was unable to break the English blockade and stayed in Toulon. Other elements of the fleet managed to reach Elba. Indomptable fought in the battle of Algeciras in 1801 when she was again badly damaged. In 1802 and 1803, she served in Toulon under Admiral Latouche Tréville. Trafalgar campaign{{main|Trafalgar Campaign}}On 17 January 1805, she went to sea under Admiral Villeneuve, together with ten other ships of the line and eight frigates, and on 20 January the fleet sailed for the French Caribbean. Off Cadiz, the fleet was joined by the 74-gun Aigle, and six Spanish ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Federico Gravina. When the fleet reached the West Indies, Villeneuve sent Commodore Cosmao-Kerjulien with the {{Ship|French ship|Pluton||2}} and the {{HMS|Berwick|1775|2}} to attack the British position on Diamond Rock, which surrendered on 2 June. Villeneuve returned to Europe on hearing that Horatio Nelson had arrived in the West Indies. Cape Finisterre and TrafalgarOn 22 July 1805, in the battle of Cape Finisterre the quartermasters of Indomptable spotted the British fleet under Sir Robert Calder. After a violent artillery exchange, the fleets became separated in the fog. Exhausted after six months at sea, the fleet anchored in Ferrol before sailing to Cádiz to rest and refit. With his command under question and planning to meet the British fleet to gain a decisive victory, Villeneuve left Cádiz and met the British fleet near Cape Trafalgar. Indomptable was in the Spanish line between San Justo and Santa Ana at the opening of the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. She engaged Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood's flagship {{HMS|Royal Sovereign|1786|6}} off her lee beam as she approached, then raked William Hargood's {{HMS|Belleisle|1795|6}} as that ship passed Indomptable{{'}}s stern.[3] Later, she engaged {{HMS|Revenge|1805|6}}, {{HMS|Dreadnought|1801|6}} and {{HMS|Thunderer|1783|6}}, losing her place in the line but regrouping behind the Spanish flagship {{Ship|Spanish ship|Principe de Asturias|1794|2}}.[4]Downwind of the British and effectively out of range, Indomptable turned towards the bay of Cadiz. At about two in the morning of 22 October, her crew heard distress calls from the French ship {{ship|French ship|Bucentaure|1803|2}} which had struck a reef off Santa Catalina fort. The ship's boat was run out and brought alongside Bucentaure, whose crew requested an anchor and hawsers to secure their vessel. This became impractical as Bucentaure settled deeper onto the rocks and began to sink: instead, Indomptable{{'}}s boats began ferrying sailors off the vessel and back to their own. Rescue efforts continued until mid-afternoon on 23 October, by which time Bucentaure was completely submerged.[5] WreckOn the following night, a storm broke Indomptable{{'}}s anchor chains and she was carried onto rocks offshore from Cadiz. Contemporary accounts estimate between 1,000 and 1,400 people were on board, including around 500 rescued from Bucentaure the previous night, and two men from {{HMS|Conqueror|1801|6}} who had been aboard Bucentaure as prize crew. Around 150 men survived the wreck, including just two of the twenty-four officers on board.{{ref|population|[a]}} Notes{{refbegin}}{{note|population|[a]}}The French Navy did not record precise crew numbers aboard Indomptable at the commencement of the Trafalgar engagement, nor was a tally made of the number of sailors rescued from Bucentaure: the figures of between 1,000 and 1,400 are taken from reports of contemporary observers.[6] The estimate of 150 survivors was made by Captain Pernot, whose regiment provided Indomptable{{'}}s marines.[7]{{refend}} Citations1. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070711051455/http://php4-pro.online.net/www.histofig.com/naval/n_scenarios_01.php] 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.histoire-empire.org/persos/louis_thomas_villaret_de_joyeuse.htm |title=Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse |first=Guy |last=de Rambaud |work=histoire-empire.org |year=2002 |accessdate=18 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210065952/http://www.histoire-empire.org/persos/louis_thomas_villaret_de_joyeuse.htm |archivedate=10 February 2012 |df= }} 3. ^Clayton and Craig (2004), pages 157, 160 4. ^Clayton and Craig (2004), page 241 5. ^Clayton and Craig (2004), pages 289, 298 6. ^Clayton and Craig (2004) page 334, 335 7. ^Clayton and Craig (2004), p334. References{{refbegin}}
8 : Ships of the line of the French Navy|Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Tonnant-class ships of the line|Ships built in France|Maritime incidents in 1805|Captured ships|Napoleonic-era ships|Maritime incidents in 1801 |
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