“Affection”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Even a very simple demonstration of affection can have a broad variety of emotional reactions, from embarrassment to disgust to pleasure and annoyance. It also has a different physical effect on the giver and the receiver.^[4]

Restricted definition

More specifically, the word has been restricted to emotional states, the object of which is a living thing such as a human or animal. Affection is compared with passion^[5], from the Greek "pathos". As such it appears in the writings of French philosopher René Descartes,^[6] Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza^[7], and most of the writings of early British ethicists. However, on various grounds (e.g., that it does not involve anxiety or excitement and that it is comparatively inert and compatible with the entire absence of the sensuous element), it is generally and usefully distinguished from passion.{{clarification|date=November 2017}} In this narrower sense, the word has played a great part in ethical systems, which have spoken of the social or parental affections as in some sense a part of moral obligations.^[3] For a consideration of these and similar problems, which depend ultimately on the degree in which the affections are regarded as voluntary.^[8]

Expression

Affection can be communicated by looks, words, gestures, or touches. It conveys love and social connection. Affectionate behavior may have evolved from parental nurturing behavior due to its associations with hormonal rewards.^[9] Such affection has been shown to influence brain development in infants.^[10]

Expressions of affection can be unwelcome if they pose implied threats to one's well being. If welcomed, affectionate behavior may be associated with various health benefits. It has been proposed that positive sentiments increase the propensity of people to interact and that familiarity gained through affection increases positive sentiments among them.^[11]

Benefits of affection

Affection exchange is seen as an adaptive human behavior that contributes to greater physical and mental well-being. The expression of affection mediates emotional, physical, and relational benefits for the individual and significant counterparts. The communication of positive feelings towards others has shown health benefits that include; lower stress hormones, lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure and stronger immune system. [https://asunow.asu.edu/content/study-expressing-love-can-improve-your-health Affection Expression ] Benefits are internally noticed when the emotion is expressed and not merely felt, if affection is not reciprocated through the receiver, effects of the affection are still felt through the giver.

Parental relationships

Affectionate behavior is often regarded as the result of parental nurturing behavior due to its associations with hormonal rewards. Positive and negative parental behaviors can be linked to later life health problems. Abuse is a common attribute to poor health in later life, as the lack of affection leads to naturally poorer well-being and mental health. A 2013 study, UCLA affection showed the effects of early child abuse and the outcome between lack of affection and the strong biological link for how these negative early-life experiences affect physical health.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/affection|title=Affection - Define Affection at Dictionary.com|website=Dictionary.com|accessdate=19 November 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotions-17th18th/LD7Hutcheson.html|title=17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions > Francis Hutcheson on the Emotions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)|website=Plato.stanford.edu|accessdate=19 November 2017}}
3. ^¹{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Affection|volume=1|pages=299–300}}
4. ^{{Cite web|title = The Effects of Affection {{!}} Research Matters|url = https://researchmatters.asu.edu/stories/effects-affection-960|website = researchmatters.asu.edu|accessdate = 2015-08-30}}
5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=94G2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=affection+vs+passion#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Cuba and the Politics of Passion|first=Damián J.|last=Fernández|date=1 January 2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|accessdate=19 November 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780292782020}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/descartes1649part2.pdf|title=The Passions of the Soul|author=René Descartes|website=Earlymoderntexts.com|accessdate=19 November 2017}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/spinoza-psychological/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first=Michael|last=LeBuffe|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=19 November 2017|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|accessdate=19 November 2017|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/sidgwick1874book4.pdf|p=345–349|title=Methods of Ethics|website=Earlymoderntexts.com|accessdate=19 November 2017}}
9. ^according to Communication professor Kory Floyd of the University of Arizona
10. ^Infant Observation: International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.techsociety.com/articles/JMF_Lawtonetal.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-10-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316162825/http://www.techsociety.com/articles/JMF_Lawtonetal.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-16 |df= }}