| 词条 | Worimi |
| 释义 |
This article is for the Indigenous Australian group. For their language see Worimi language. For their lands leased to NSW Parks and Wildlife, see Worimi conservation lands. Worimi people are Aboriginal Australians from the eastern Port Stephens and Great Lakes regions of coastal New South Wales, Australia. Before contact with settlers, their people extended from Port Stephens in the south to Forster/Tuncurry in the north and as far west as Gloucester.{{sfn|Enright|1932|pp=75–77}}{{sfn|Sokoloff}} They were said to be taller and stouter than those living around Sydney and were said to be more prone to laughter than tears.{{sfn|Port Stephens Council}}{{efn|'(though) savages in the common acceptation of the term,...they exhibit stronger traits of natural gentleness and good feeling towards their white brethren, and towards each other than people under that denomination are generally found to do.'{{sfn|Dawson|1831|p=59}}}} CountryThe Worimi's lands extended over {{convert|1,500|mi2|km2}} according to Norman Tindale, who specified that the tribal area encompassed the Hunter River to the coastal town of Forster near Cape Hawke. It reached Port Stephens and ran inland as far as roughly Gresford and in proximity of Glendon Brook, Dungog, and the upper Myall Creek. To the south, their territory extended to Maitland.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|pp=201–202}} Social organizationThe Worimi were divided into 4 hordes.
History of contactThe Australian Agricultural Company was established upon an act of the British Parliament in 1824. The aim of the legislation was to further the cultivation and improvement of what it termed 'waste land' in the colony of New South Wales. In January 1826, a company agent, Robert Dawson (1782–1866), set up camp near the shoreline at Port Stephens. He confined his settlement activities to the coast, with farms on Stroud creek, outposts on the Manning River, stock-mistering in Gloucester Vale. Despite good reports, according to a modern historian, Dawson's numerous improvements,{{sfn|Flowers|1966}} were judged inadequate and the area around Port Stephen was seen as disappointing, with useless outskirts, the central zone rocky, steep and the Gloucester flats water-logged: sheep suffered from foot-rot.{{sfn|Roberts|2013|pp=57–58}} The Company wanted to push beyond the hills that hemmed the settlement in, and Dawson was dismissed for mismanagement and replaced by the Arctic explorer, William Parry. Dawson himself soon after published a vindication, and then a glowing account of the area, together with an account of the Worimi. He found the Worimi a 'mild and harmless race', and attributed any harm they might cause to the maltreatment they received from settlers, who elsewhere had been shooting them like dogs. {{sfn|Dawson|1831|pp=51ff.}} Of the situation around Port Stephens, he wrote: There has, perhaps, been more of this done near to this settlement, and on the banks of the two rivers which empty themselves into this harbor, than in any other part of the colony; and it has arisen from the speculators in timber . .The natives complained to me frequently, that 'white pellow' (white fellows) shot their relations and friends; and showed me many orphans , whose parents had fallen by the hands of white men, near this spot. The pointed out one white man, on his coming to beg some provisions for his party up the river Karuah, who, they said, had killed ten;: and the wretch did not deny it, but said he would kill them whenever he could. It was well for him that he had no white man to depose to the facts, or I would have had him off to jail at once.'{{sfn|Dawson|1831|p=58}} LifestyleThe Worimi were, like most other Australian Indigenous people in Australia, hunter-gatherers. They subsisted on resources found within their tribal land areas. Marine food, especially shell-fish were preferred by those tribes that lived closest to the sea. Due to the reliability of this resource it was preferred over land animals and vegetables. The latter two were used as supplementary foods and added variety to their diet. Animals that were abundant included kangaroos and goannas, possums, snakes and flying foxes. Vegetables eaten included fern roots, stalks of the Gymea lily, and the bloom of the banksia.{{sfn|Sokoloff}} Modern periodToday the Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council{{sfn|Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council}} is working closely with Worimi descendants to provide opportunities that promote, foster and protect the culture and heritage. In July 2016, the New South Wales government recognized {{convert|5.9|ha|acre|1|abbr=on}} of the suburb of {{NSWcity|Soldiers Point}} as a place of historical value for Aboriginal people, noting the particular importance in cultural and spiritual terms that it held for the Worimi.{{sfn|Norris|2016|p=15}} Alternative names
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Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| edition = 2nd | last = Dawson | first = Robert | year = 1831 | publisher = Smith, Elder & Co. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6swNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA51 | access-date = 15 August 2017 | ref = harv }}
| last = Elkin | first = A. P. | author-link = A. P. Elkin | journal = Oceania | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 359–363 | jstor = 27976153 | date = March 1932 | ref = harv }}
| last = Enright | first = Walter John | author-link = W. J. Enright | journal = Royal Society of New South Wales | pages = 115–124 | url = https://downloads.newcastle.edu.au/library/cultural%20collections/pdf/enrightjul1899.pdf | date = 5 July 1899 | ref = harv }}
| last = Enright | first = Walter John | author-link = W. J. Enright | journal = Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales | year = 1900 | volume = 34 | pages = 103–118 | url = https://downloads.newcastle.edu.au/library/cultural%20collections/pdf/enrightsept1900.pdf | ref = harv }}
| last = Enright | first = Walter John | author-link = W. J. Enright | journal = Mankind | pages = 75–77 | url = http://livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/57475 | date = March 1932 | ref = harv }}
| last = Flowers | first = E. | publisher = Melbourne University Press | year = 1966 | volume = 1 | series = Australian Dictionary of Biography | url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dawson-robert-1969 | access-date = 15 August 2017 | ref = harv }}
| last = Norris | first = Sam | newspaper = Port Stephens Examiner | url = http://www.portstephensexaminer.com.au/story/4009765/aboriginal-heritage-recognised-at-soldiers-point/ | date = 4 July 2016 | ref = harv }}
| publisher = Port Stephens Council | url = http://www.portstephens.org.au/pages.asp?code=90 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070829000232/http://www.portstephens.org.au/pages.asp?code=90 | access-date = 12 September 2007 | archive-date = 29 August 2007 | ref = {{harvid|Port Stephens Council}} }}
| last = Roberts | first = S.H. | year = 2013 | orig-year = First published 1969 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_UCgYXKEahUC&pg=PA422 | isbn = 978-1-136-26720-8 | ref = harv }}
| last = Sokoloff | first = Boris | publisher = Raymond Terrace and District Historical Society | via = Trove | publication-date = 1980 | url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/26803630 | access-date = 8 November 2013 }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | year = 1974 | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/worimi.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | ref = harv }}
| last = Turbet | first = Peter | year = 2011 | publisher = Rosenberg Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gbvGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 | isbn = 978-1-922-01300-2 | ref = harv }}
| url = http://worimi.org.au/ | access-date = 11 June 2016 | ref = {{harvid|Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council}} }}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}} 2 : Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales|Port Stephens Council |
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