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词条 Fukushima Prefecture
释义

  1. History

     2011 earthquake and subsequent disasters  Earthquake and tsunami  Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 

  2. Geography

      Cities    Towns and villages    Mergers  

  3. List of governor of Fukushima Prefecture (from 1947)

  4. Economy

  5. Culture

  6. Notable festivals and events

  7. Education

      Universities  

  8. Tourism

  9. Food

  10. Transportation

     Rail   Road    Expressways   National highways  Ports  Airports 

  11. Notable people

  12. See also

  13. Notes

  14. References

  15. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}{{short description|Prefecture of Japan}}{{Infobox Prefecture Japan
| Name = Fukushima
| JapaneseName = 福島県
| Rōmaji = Fukushima-ken
| Flag = Flag of Fukushima Prefecture.svg
| Capital = Fukushima (city)
| Symbol = Emblem of Fukushima Prefecture.svg
| Region = Tōhoku
| Island = Honshu
| coordinates =
| TotalArea = 13,782.76
| AreaRank = 3rd
| PCWater = 0.9
| PopDate = 1 January 2018[1]
| Population = 1,877,876
| PopRank = 21st
| Density = auto
| Districts = 13
| Municipalities = 59
| ISOCode = JP-07
| Website = {{URL|http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/}}
| Flower = Nemotoshakunage (Rhododendron brachycarpum)
| Tree = Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata)
| Bird = Narcissus flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina)
| Fish =
| Map = Map of Japan with highlight on 07 Fukushima prefecture.svg
| Governor = Masao Uchibori
}}{{Nihongo|Fukushima Prefecture|福島県|Fukushima-ken}} is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region.[2] The capital is the city of Fukushima.[3]

History

{{See also|Historic Sites of Fukushima Prefecture}}

Until the Meiji Restoration, the area of Fukushima prefecture was part of what was known as Mutsu Province.[4]

The Shirakawa Barrier and the Nakoso Barrier were built around the 5th century to protect 'civilized Japan' from the 'barbarians' to the north. Fukushima became a Province of Mutsu after the Taika Reforms were established in 646.[5]

In 718, the provinces of Iwase and Iwaki were created, but these areas reverted to Mutsu some time between 722 and 724.[6]

This region of Japan is also known as Michinoku and Ōshū.

The Fukushima Incident took place in the prefecture after Mishima Michitsune was appointed governor in 1882.

2011 earthquake and subsequent disasters

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the resulting Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster caused significant damage to the prefecture, primarily but not limited to the eastern Hamadōri region.

Earthquake and tsunami

{{main|2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami}}

On Friday, March 11, 2011, 14:46 JST, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture. Shindo measurements throughout the prefecture reached as high as 6-upper in isolated regions of Hama-dōri on the eastern coast and as low as a 2 in portions of the Aizu region in the western part of the prefecture. Fukushima City, located in Naka-dōri and the capital of Fukushima Prefecture, measured 6-lower.[7]

Following the earthquake there were isolated reports of major damage to structures, including the failure of Fujinuma Dam[8] as well as damage from landslides.[9] The earthquake also triggered a massive tsunami that hit the eastern coast of the prefecture and caused widespread destruction and loss of life.

In the two years following the earthquake, 1,817 residents of Fukushima Prefecture had either been confirmed dead or were missing as a result of the earthquake and tsunami.[10]

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

{{main|Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster}}

In the aftermath of the earthquake and the tsunami that followed, the outer housings of two of the six reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma exploded followed by a partial meltdown and fires at three of the other units. Many residents were evacuated to nearby localities due to the development of a large evacuation zone around the plant. Radiation levels near the plant peaked at 400 mSv/h (millisieverts per hour) after the earthquake and tsunami, due to damage sustained. This resulted in increased recorded radiation levels across Japan.[11] On April 11, 2011, officials upgraded the disaster to a level 7 out of a possible 7, a rare occurrence not seen since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.[12]

Several months later, officials announced that although the area nearest the melt down were still off limits, areas near the twenty kilometer radial safe zone could start seeing a return of the close to 47,000 residents that had been evacuated.[13]{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Geography

Fukushima is both the southernmost prefecture of Tōhoku region and the prefecture of Tōhoku region that is closest to Tokyo. With an area size of 13,784 km2 it is the third-largest prefecture of Japan, behind Hokkaido and Iwate Prefecture. It is divided by mountain ranges into three regions called (from west to east) Aizu, Nakadōri, and Hamadōri.

The coastal Hamadōri region lies on the Pacific Ocean and is the flattest and most temperate region, while the Nakadōri region is the agricultural heart of the prefecture and contains the capital, Fukushima City. The mountainous Aizu region has scenic lakes, lush forests, and snowy winters.

As of April 1, 2012, 13% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Bandai-Asahi, Nikkō, and Oze National Parks; Echigo Sanzan-Tadami Quasi-National Park; and eleven Prefectural Natural Parks.[14]

Cities

Thirteen cities are located in Fukushima Prefecture:

{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
  • Aizuwakamatsu
  • Date
  • Fukushima (capital)
  • Iwaki
{{col-break}}
  • Kitakata
  • Kōriyama
  • Minamisōma
{{col-break}}
  • Motomiya
  • Nihonmatsu
  • Shirakawa
{{col-break}}
  • Sōma
  • Sukagawa
  • Tamura
{{col-end}}

Towns and villages

These are the towns and villages in each district:

{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
  • Adachi District
    • Ōtama
  • Date District
    • Kawamata
    • Koori
    • Kunimi
  • Futaba District
    • Futaba
    • Hirono
    • Katsurao
    • Kawauchi
    • Namie
    • Naraha
    • Ōkuma
    • Tomioka
  • Higashishirakawa District
    • Hanawa
    • Samegawa
    • Tanagura
    • Yamatsuri
{{col-break}}
  • Ishikawa District
    • Asakawa
    • Furudono
    • Hirata
    • Ishikawa
    • Tamakawa
  • Iwase District
    • Kagamiishi
    • Ten'ei
  • Kawanuma District
    • Aizubange
    • Yanaizu
    • Yugawa
  • Minamiaizu District
    • Hinoemata
    • Minamiaizu
    • Shimogō
    • Tadami
  • Nishishirakawa District
    • Izumizaki
    • Nakajima
    • Nishigō
    • Yabuki
{{col-break}}
  • Ōnuma District
    • Aizumisato
    • Kaneyama
    • Mishima
    • Shōwa
  • Sōma District
    • Iitate
    • Shinchi
  • Tamura District
    • Miharu
    • Ono
  • Yama District
    • Bandai
    • Inawashiro
    • Kitashiobara
    • Nishiaizu
{{col-end}}

Mergers

{{main|List of mergers in Fukushima Prefecture}}

List of governor of Fukushima Prefecture (from 1947)

{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
  • Kanichiro Ishihara (石原幹市郎) - 12 April, 1947 to 30 November, 1949
  • Sakuma Otake (大竹作摩) - 28 January, 1950 to 25 July, 1957
  • Zenichiro Sato (佐藤善一郎) - 25 August, 1957 to 23 March, 1964
  • Morie Kimura (木村守江) - 16 May, 1964 to 11 August, 1976
{{col-2}}
  • Isao Matsudaira (松平勇雄) - 19 September, 1976 to 18 September, 1988
  • Eisaku Satō (佐藤栄佐久) - 19 September, 1988 to 28 September, 2006
  • Yūhei Satō (佐藤 雄平) - 12 November, 2006 to 11 November, 2014
  • Masao Uchibori (内堀 雅雄) - 12 November, 2014 to present
{{col-end}}

Economy

The coastal region traditionally specializes in fishing and seafood industries, and is notable for its electric and particularly nuclear power-generating industry, while the upland regions are more focused on agriculture. Thanks to Fukushima's climate, various fruits are grown throughout the year. These include pears, peaches, cherries, grapes, and apples.[15] As of March 2011, the prefecture produced 20.6% of Japan's peaches and 8.7% of cucumbers.[16][17]

Fukushima also produces rice, that combined with pure water from mountain run-offs, is used to make sake.[18] Some sakes from the region are considered so tasteful that they are served to visiting royalty and world leaders by hosts.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Lacquerware is another popular product from Fukushima. Dating back over four hundred years, the process of making lacquerware involves carving an object out of wood, then putting a lacquer on it and decorating it. Objects made are usually dishes, vases and writing materials.[19][20]

Culture

Legend has it that an ogress, Adachigahara, once roamed the plain after whom it was named. The Adachigahara plain lies close to the city of Fukushima.

Other stories, such as that of a large, strong, red cow that carried wood, influenced toys and superstitions. The Aka-beko cow is a small, red papier-mâché cow on a bamboo or wooden frame, and is believed to ease child birth, bring good health, and help children grow up as strong as the cow.[21]

Another superstitious talisman of the region is the okiagari ko-boshi, or self-righting dharma doll. These dolls are seen as bringers of good luck and prosperity because they stand right back up when knocked down.[22]

Miharu Koma are small, wooden, black or white toy horses painted with colorful designs. Depending upon their design, they may be believed to bring things like long life to the owner.[23]

Kokeshi dolls, while less symbolic, are also a popular traditional craft. They are carved wooden dolls, with large round heads and hand painted bodies. Kokeshi dolls are popular throughout many regions of Japan, but Fukushima is credited as their birthplace.[15]

Notable festivals and events

  • Sōma's {{nihongo|Nomaoi Festival|相馬野馬追|Sōma Nomaoi}} is held every summer.[24]

The Nomaoi Festival horse riders dressed in complete samurai attire can be seen racing, chasing wild horses, or having contests that imitate a battle. The history behind the festival and events is over one thousand years old.[25]

  • Fukushima's {{nihongo|Waraji Festival|わらじまつり|Waraji Matsuri}} is held on the first weekend of August[26]

During the Waraji Festival, a large (12-meter, 38-ft) straw sandal built by locals is dedicated to a shrine. There is also a traditional Taiwanese dragon dance, or Ryumai, performed by Taiwanese visitors.[27]

  • Aizuwakamatsu's {{nihongo|Aizu Festival|会津まつり|Aizu Matsuri}} is held in late September[28]

The Aizu festival is a celebration of the time of the samurai. It begins with a display of sword dancing and fighting, and is followed by a procession of around five hundred people. The people in the procession carry flags and tools representing well-known feudal lords of long ago, and some are actually dressed like the lords themselves.[29]

  • Taimatsu Akashi Fire Festival

A reflection of a long ago time of war, the Taimatsu Akashi Festival consists of men and women carrying large symbolic torches lit with a sacred fire to the top of Mt. Gorozan. Accompanied by drummers, the torchbearers reach the top and light a wooden frame representing an old local castle and the samurai that lived there. In more recent years the festival has been opened up so that anyone wanting to participate may carry a small symbolic torch along with the procession.[30]

  • Iizaka's {{nihongo|Fighting Festival|けんか祭り|Kenka Matsuri}} is held in October[31]
  • Nihonmatsu's {{nihongo|Lantern Festival|提灯祭り|Chōchin Matsuri}} is held from October 4 to 6[32]
  • Nihonmatsu's {{nihongo|Chrysanthemum doll exhibition|二本松の菊人形|Nihonmatsu no Kiku Ningyō}} is held from October 1 to November 23[33]
  • Kōriyama City's Uneme Festival (うねめ祭り）is held early August in honor of the legend of Princess Uneme. The festival features a large parade through the city center with thousands of contestants annually, with several festival floats and a giant taiko-drum.[34]
  • Date City's Ryozen Taiko Festival (霊山太鼓祭り) is held in August and features multiple troupes of taiko drum players as well as other musical and comedic performances.[35]

Education

Universities

  • Aizuwakamatsu
    • Aizu University
  • Fukushima
    • Fukushima Gakuin University
    • Fukushima Medical University
    • Fukushima University
  • Iwaki
    • Higashi Nippon International University
    • Iwaki Meisei University
  • Koriyama
    • Koriyama Women's University
    • Nihon University – Koriyama campus
    • Ohu University

Tourism

Tsuruga castle, a samurai castle originally built in the late 14th century, was occupied by the region’s governor in the mid-19th century, during a time of war and governmental instability. Because of this, Aizuwakamatsu was the site of an important battle in the Boshin War, during which 19 teenage members of the Byakkotai committed ritual seppuku suicide. Their graves on Mt. Iimori are a popular tourist attraction.[18]

Kitakata is well known for its distinctive Kitakata ramen noodles and well-preserved traditional storehouse buildings, while Ōuchi-juku in the town of Shimogo retains numerous thatched buildings from the Edo period.

Mount Bandai, in the Bandai-Asahi National Park, erupted in 1888, creating a large crater and numerous lakes, including the picturesque 'Five Coloured Lakes' (Goshiki-numa). Bird watching crowds are not uncommon during migration season here. The area is popular with hikers and skiers. Guided snowshoe tours are also offered in the winter.[36]

The Inawashiro Lake area of Bandai-Asahi National Park is Inawashiro-ko, where the parental home of Hideyo Noguchi (1876–1928) can still be found. It was preserved along with some of Noguchi's belongings and letters as part of a memorial. Noguchi is famous not only for his research on yellow fever, but also for having his face on the 1,000 yen note.[37]

Food

Fruits. Fukushima is known as a "Fruit Kingdom"[38] because of its many seasonal fruits, and the fact that there is fruit being harvested every month of the year.[38] While peaches are the most famous, the prefecture also produces large quantities of cherries, nashi (Japanese pears), grapes, persimmons, and apples.

Fukushima-Gyu is the prefecture's signature beef. The Japanese Black type cattle used to make Fukushima-Gyu are fed, raised, and processed within the prefecture. Only beef with a grade of 2 or 3 can be labeled as "Fukushima-Gyu" (福島牛）[39]Ikaninjin is shredded carrot and dried squid seasoned with soy sauce, cooking sake, mirin, etc. It is a local cuisine from the northern parts of Fukushima Prefecture. It is primarily made from the late autumn to winter in the household.[40]Kitakata Ramen is one of the Top 3 Ramen of Japan, along with Sapporo and Hakata.[41] The base is a soy-sauce soup, as historically soy sauce was readily available from the many storehouses around the town. Niboshi (sardines), tonkotsu (pig bones) and sometimes chicken and vegetables are boiled to make the stock. This is then topped with chashu (thinly sliced barbeque pork), spring onions, fermented bamboo shoots, and sometimes naruto, a pink and white swirl of cured fish cake.[41]

Mamador is the prefecture's most famous confection.[42] The baked good has a milky red bean flavor center wrapped in a buttery dough. The name means “People who drink mothers’ milk" in Spanish.[43] It is produced by the Sanmangoku Company.

Sake. The Fukushima Prefecture Sake Brewers Cooperative is made up of nearly 60 sake breweries.[44] Additionally, the Annual Japan Sake Awards has awarded the prefecture the most gold prizes of all of Japan for four years running as of 2016.[45]
  • A government-sponsored specialty shop in Tokyo called MIDETTE sells many local and seasonal products directly imported from Fukushima.

Transportation

Rail

  • AbukumaExpress
    • Abukuma Express Line
  • Aizu Railway
    • Aizu Line
  • Fukushima Transportation
    • Iizaka Line
  • JR East
    • Ban'etsu East Line
    • Ban'etsu West Line
    • Jōban Line
    • Suigun Line
    • Tadami Line
    • Tōhoku Line
    • Tōhoku Shinkansen
    • Yamagata Line
    • Yamagata Shinkansen
  • Yagan Railway
    • Kinugawa Line

Road

Expressways

  • Ban-etsu Expressway
  • Jōban Expressway
  • Tōhoku Expressway

National highways

  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|4}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|6}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|13}} (Fukushima-Yamagata-Shinjo-Yokote-Akita)
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|49}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|113}} (Niigata-Murakami-Nagai-Nanyo-Shiroishi-Soma)
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|114}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|115}} (Soma-Fukushima-Inawashiro)
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|118}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|121}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|252}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|288}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|289}} (Niigata-Tsubame-Uonuma-Tadami-Shirakawa-Iwaki)
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|294}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|349}} (Mito-Hitachiota-Iwaki-Tamura-Nihonmatsu-Date-Shibata)
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|352}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|399}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|400}}
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|401}} (Niigata-Agano-Kitakata-Fukushima-Namie)
  • {{jct|country=JPN|Route|459}}

Ports

  • Onahama Port – International and domestic goods, container hub port in Iwaki

Airports

  • Fukushima Airport

Notable people

Junko Tabei, the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest, and the first woman to ascend all Seven Summits by climbing the highest peak on every continent.

Takeshi Suzuki, an alpine skier and Paralympic athlete.

Yoshihide Muroya, an aerobatics pilot and race pilot.

Toshiyuki Nishida, an actor best known for his fishing comedy series, Tsuribaka Nisshi ("The Fishing Maniac's Diary").

Mazie K. Hirono, US Senator and former Lieutenant Governor for Hawaii, was born in Fukushima Prefecture in 1947, and moved to Hawaii in 1955.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}

Hideyo Noguchi, the doctor who contributed to knowledge in the fight against syphilis and yellow fever. The Japanese government created the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize in his honor. This was first awarded in May 2008.[46]

Seishiro Okazaki (January 28, 1890 – July 12, 1951) was a Japanese American healer, martial artist, and founder of Danzan-ryū jujitsu. Born in Kakeda, Date County in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, he immigrated to Hawaii in 1906.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}

See also

  • Fukushima gubernatorial election, 2006

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|title=福島県の推計人口|url=https://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec/11045b/15846.html|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture|accessdate=January 25, 2018}}
2. ^Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fukushima-ken" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|Japan Encyclopedia, p. 218|page=218}}; "Tōhoku" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 970|page=970}}
3. ^Nussbaum, "Fukushima" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 218|page=218}}
4. ^Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 780|page=780}}
5. ^Takeda, Toru et al. (2001). Fukushima – Today & Tomorrow, p. 10.
6. ^Meyners d'Estrey, Guillaume Henry Jean (1884). {{Google books|gzEwAAAAYAAJ|Annales de l'Extrême Orient et de l'Afrique, Vol. 6, p. 172|page=172}}; Nussbaum, "Iwaki" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 408|page=408}}
7. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1106/23b/201106231400.pdf|title=Felt earthquakes|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency | accessdate=August 23, 2011}}
8. ^{{cite web| url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110610/dst11061001310002-n1.htm| title=東北・関東７県で貯水池、農業用ダムの損傷８６カ所　補修予算わずか１億、不安募る梅雨| publisher=msn産経ニュース| accessdate=June 29, 2011| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826124020/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110610/dst11061001310002-n1.htm| archivedate=August 26, 2011| df=mdy-all}}
9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.47news.jp/localnews/hukushima/2011/03/post_20110315094606.html | title=新たに女性遺体を発見　白河の土砂崩れ | publisher=47NEWS | accessdate=June 29, 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125094652/http://www.47news.jp/localnews/hukushima/2011/03/post_20110315094606.html | archivedate=November 25, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}
10. ^"Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures... March 11, 2013" National Police Agency of Japan. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
11. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12740843 | work=BBC News | title=Japan quake: Radiation rises at Fukushima nuclear plant | date=March 15, 2011}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/04/fukushima-crisis-raised-to-lev.html|publisher=New Scientist|title=Fukushima crisis raised to level 7, still no Chernobyl|date=April 12, 2011}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Fukushima-accident|title=Fukushima accident|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
14. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf |title= General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture |publisher= Ministry of the Environment |accessdate= August 26, 2012}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/fukushima_city.html|title=Fukushima City|publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925190812/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/fukushima_city.html|archivedate=September 25, 2017}}
16. ^Schreiber, Mark, "Japan's food crisis goes beyond recent panic buying {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420001603/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20110417bj.html |date=April 20, 2011 }}", The Japan Times, April 17, 2011, p. 9.
17. ^Hongo, Jun, "Fukushima not just about nuke crisis", The Japan Times, March 20, 2012, p. 3.
18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/aizuwakamatu.html|title=Aizuwakamatsu Area|publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714214909/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/aizuwakamatu.html|archivedate=July 14, 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/sightseeing/detail.php?id=60&category=7|title=Aizu lacquerware|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://rediscoverfukushima.com/2018/06/20/aizu-urushi-chopstick-making-experience/|title=Make Your Own Aizu Lacquerware Chopsticks|website=Rediscover Fukushima|date=20 June 2018|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/sightseeing/detail.php?id=58&category=7|title=Akabeko Red Cows|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/sightseeing/detail.php?id=56&category=7|title=Okiagari Ko-boshi (self-righting dharma doll)|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/sightseeing/detail.php?id=59&category=7|title=Miharu Koma|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
24. ^{{cite web |url= http://soma-nomaoi.jp/en/top-page/ |title= Soma Nomaoi Executive Committee Official Site |publisher= Soma Nomaoi Executive Committee |accessdate= October 1, 2017}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/festivals/detail.php?id=1&category=3|title=The Soma Nomaoi|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
26. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.fmcnet.co.jp/waraji/yurai.html |script-title= ja:わらじまつり |language= Japanese |publisher= 福島わらじまつり実行委員会事務局 |accessdate= June 30, 2011}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/festivals/detail.php?id=5&category=3|title=Fukushima Waraji Festival|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.aizukanko.com/event/95/|script-title=ja:会津まつり　先人感謝祭・会津藩公行列|language=Japanese|publisher=会津若松観光物産協会 |accessdate= March 20, 2012}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/festivals/detail.php?id=13&category=3|title=Aizu Festival|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tif.ne.jp/lang/en/festivals/detail.php?id=21&category=4|title=Taimatsu Akashi|publisher=Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://hachimanjinja.info|script-title=ja:けんか祭りの飯坂八幡神社|language=Japanese|accessdate=June 30, 2011}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/site/kankou/458.html|script-title=ja:二本松の提灯祭り|language=Japanese|accessdate=October 8, 2017|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232220/http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/site/kankou/458.html|archive-date=October 8, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.html|script-title=ja:二本松の菊人形|language=Japanese|publisher=二本松菊栄会|accessdate=June 30, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723064541/http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.html|archivedate=July 23, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ko-cci.or.jp/event/maturi/uneme.html|title=第53回郡山うねめまつり2017|website=www.ko-cci.or.jp|access-date=2018-01-25}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www5e.biglobe.ne.jp/~shinji/event.html|title=太鼓まつり｜霊山太鼓|last=霊山太鼓保存会|website=www5e.biglobe.ne.jp|language=ja|access-date=2018-11-13}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/urabandai.html|title=Ura-bandai Area|publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815095034/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/urabandai.html|archivedate=August 15, 2017}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/inawasiroko.html|title=Lake Inawashiro Area|publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110232732/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/regional/fukushima/inawasiroko.html|archivedate=November 10, 2017}}
38. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp/soshiki/22/fruit.html|title=フルーツを食す – 福島市ホームページ|website=www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp|access-date=October 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024152211/http://www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp/soshiki/22/fruit.html|archive-date=October 24, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
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40. ^羽雁渉「イカと日本人」Chunichi Newspaper, Sunday edition.世界と日本 大図解シリーズ No.1272. October 9, 2016 、pages 1, 8 (in Japanese).
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45. ^{{cite web|url=http://sake-fukushima.jp/?p=886|title=祝！！４連覇　平成２７酒造年度全国新酒鑑評会金賞受賞蔵数　日本一！！ {{!}} 福島県酒造協同組合|website=sake-fukushima.jp|access-date=October 24, 2016}}
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References

  • Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a Japan encyclopedia.] Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; OCLC 58053128
  • {{Cite journal |last1=Takeda |first1=Toru |last2=Hishinuma |first2=Tomio |last3=Oguma |last4=Takiguchi |first4=R. |date=July 7, 2001|title=Fukushima – Today & Tomorrow |place=Aizu-Wakamatsu City |publisher=Rekishi Shunju Publishing Co. |isbn=4-89757-432-3|first3=Chiyoichi}}

External links

{{Wikivoyage|Fukushima (prefecture)}}{{Commons category|Fukushima prefecture}}{{Wikinews category|Fukushima Prefecture}}
  • Fukushima Prefecture Official Website {{ja icon}}
{{Fukushima}}{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}{{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami}}{{coord|37|24|N|140|28|E|scale:500000|display=title}}{{Authority control}}

3 : Tōhoku region|Fukushima Prefecture|Prefectures of Japan
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