“African Methodist Episcopal Church”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the A.M.E. Church or AME, is a predominantly African-American Methodist denomination. It is the first independent Protestant denomination to be founded by black people.^[3] It was founded by the Rt. Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. It was among the first denominations in the United States to be founded on racial rather than theological distinctions and has persistently advocated for the civil and human rights of African Americans through social improvement, religious autonomy, and political engagement. Allen, a deacon in Methodist Episcopal Church, was consecrated its first bishop in 1816 by a conference of five churches from Philadelphia to Baltimore. The denomination then expanded west and south, particularly after the Civil War. By 1906, the AME had a membership of about 500,000, more than the combined total of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, making it the largest major African-American Methodist denomination. The AME currently has 20 districts, each with its own bishop: 13 are based in the United States, mostly in the South, while seven are based in Africa. The global membership of the AME is around 2.5 million and it remains one of the largest Methodist denominations in the world.

Church name

Motto

"God Our Father, Christ Our Redeemer, the Holy Spirit Our Comforter, Humankind Our Family"

Derived from Bishop Daniel Alexander Payne's original motto "God our Father, Christ our Redeemer, Man our Brother", which served as the AME Church motto until the 2008 General Conference, when the current motto was officially adopted.

History

Origins

The AME Church grew out of the Free African Society (FAS), which Richard Allen, Absalom Jones, and other free blacks established in Philadelphia in 1787. They left St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church because of discrimination. Although Allen and Jones were both accepted as preachers, they were limited to black congregations. In addition, the blacks were made to sit in a separate gallery built in the church when their portion of the congregation increased. These former members of St. George's made plans to transform their mutual aid society into an African congregation. Although the group was originally non-denominational, eventually members wanted to affiliate with existing denominations.

Allen led a small group who resolved to remain Methodist. They formed the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1793. In general, they adopted the doctrines and form of government of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1794 Bethel AME was dedicated with Allen as pastor. To establish Bethel's independence, Allen successfully sued in the Pennsylvania courts in 1807 and 1815 for the right of his congregation to exist as an institution independent of white Methodist congregations. Because black Methodists in other middle Atlantic communities also encountered racism and desired religious autonomy, Allen called them to meet in Philadelphia in 1816 to form a new Wesleyan denomination, the "African Methodist Episcopal Church" (AME Church).

Growth

It began with eight clergy and five churches, and by 1846 had grown to 176 clergy, 296 churches, and 17,375 members. The 20,000 members in 1856 were located primarily in the North.^[8]^[9] AME national membership (including probationers and preachers) jumped from 70,000 in 1866 to 207,000 in 1876.^[10]

Education

AME put a high premium on education. In the 19th century, the AME Church of Ohio collaborated with the Methodist Episcopal Church, a predominantly white denomination, in sponsoring the second independent historically black college (HBCU), Wilberforce University in Ohio. By 1880, AME operated over 2,000 schools, chiefly in the South, with 155,000 students. For school houses they used church buildings; the ministers and their wives were the teachers; the congregations raised the money to keep schools operating at a time the segregated public schools were starved of funds.^[11]

Bishop Turner

After the Civil War Bishop Henry McNeal Turner (1834–1915) was a major leader of the AME and played a role in Republican Party politics. In 1863 during the Civil War, Turner was appointed as the first black chaplain in the United States Colored Troops. Afterward, he was appointed to the Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia. He settled in Macon, Georgia, and was elected to the state legislature in 1868 during Reconstruction. He planted many AME churches in Georgia after the war.^[12]

In 1880 he was elected as the first southern bishop of the AME Church after a fierce battle within the denomination. Angered by the Democrats' regaining power and instituting Jim Crow laws in the late nineteenth century South, Turner was the leader of black nationalism and proposed emigration of blacks to Africa.^[12]

Race

The African Methodist Episcopal Church has a unique history as it is the first major religious denomination in the western world that developed because of race rather than theological differences. It was the first African-American denomination organized and incorporated in the United States. The church was born in protest against racial discrimination and slavery. This was in keeping with the Methodist Church's philosophy, whose founder John Wesley had once called the slave-trade "that execrable sum of all villainies." In the 19th century, the AME Church of Ohio collaborated with the Methodist Episcopal Church, a predominantly white denomination, in sponsoring the second independent historically black college (HBCU), Wilberforce University in Ohio. Among Wilberforce University's early founders was Salmon P. Chase, then-governor of Ohio and the future Secretary of Treasury under President Abraham Lincoln.

Other members of the FAS wanted to affiliate with the Episcopal Church and followed Absalom Jones in doing that. In 1792, they founded the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, the first Episcopal church in the United States with a founding black congregation. In 1804, Jones was ordained as the first black priest in the Episcopal Church.

While the AME is doctrinally Methodist, clergy, scholars, and lay persons have written works that demonstrate the distinctive racial theology and praxis that have come to define this Wesleyan body. In an address to the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions, Bishop Benjamin W. Arnett reminded the audience of blacks' influence in the formation of Christianity. Bishop Benjamin T. Tanner wrote in 1895 in The Color of Solomon – What? that biblical scholars wrongly portrayed the son of David as a white man. In the post-civil rights era, theologians James Cone,^[13] Cecil W. Cone, and Jacqueline Grant, who came from the AME tradition, criticized Euro-centric Christianity and African-American churches for their shortcomings in resolving the plight of those oppressed by racism, sexism, and economic disadvantage.^[14]^[15]

Beliefs

The AME motto, "God Our Father, Christ Our Redeemer, Holy Spirit Our Comforter, Humankind Our Family", reflects the basic beliefs of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

The basic foundations of the beliefs of the church can be summarized in the Apostles' Creed, and The Twenty Five Articles of Religion, held in common with other Methodist Episcopal congregations. The church also observes the official bylaws of the AME Church. The "Doctrine and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Church" is revised at every General Conference and published every four years.The AME church also follows the rule that a minister of the denomination must retire at age 75,^[16] with bishops, more specifically, being required to retire upon the General Conference nearest their 75th birthday.^[17]

Church mission

The Mission of the African Methodist Episcopal Church is to minister to the social, spiritual, physical development of all people. At every level of the Connection and in every local church, the African Methodist Episcopal Church shall engage in carrying out the spirit of the original Free African Society, out of which the AME Church evolved: that is, to seek out and save the lost, and serve the needy. It is also the duty of the Church to continue to encourage all members to become involved in all aspects of church training. The ultimate purposes are: (1) make available God's biblical principles, (2) spread Christ's liberating gospel, and (3) provide continuing programs which will enhance the entire social development of all people. In order to meet the needs at every level of the Connection and in every local church, the AME Church shall implement strategies to train all members in: (1) Christian discipleship, (2) Christian leadership, (3) current teaching methods and materials, (4) the history and significance of the AME Church, (5) God's biblical principles, and (6) social development to which all should be applied to daily living.

Colleges, seminaries and universities

The African Methodist Episcopal Church has been one of the forerunners of education within the African-American community.

Structure

The General Conference

The General Conference is the supreme body of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. It is composed of the Bishops, as ex officio presidents, according to the rank of election, and an equal number of ministerial and lay delegates, elected by each of the Annual Conferences and the lay Electoral Colleges of the Annual Conferences. Other ex officio members are: the General Officers, College Presidents, Deans of Theological Seminaries; Chaplains in the Regular Armed Forces of the U.S.A. The General Conference meets every four years, but may have extra sessions in certain emergencies.

Council of Bishops

The Council of Bishops is the Executive Branch of the Connectional Church. It has the general oversight of the Church during the interim between General Conferences. The Council of Bishops shall meet annually at such time and place as the majority of the Council shall determine and also at such other times as may be deemed necessary in the discharging its responsibility as the Executive Branch of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. The Council of Bishops shall hold at least two public sessions at each annual meeting. At the first, complaints and petitions against a Bishop shall be heard, at the second, the decisions of the Council shall be made public. All decisions shall be in writing.

Board of Incorporators

The Board of Incorporators, also known as the General Board of Trustees, has the supervision, in trust, of all connectional property of the Church and is vested with authority to act in behalf of the Connectional Church wherever necessary.

The General Board

The General Board is in many respects the administrative body and comprises various departmental Commissions made up of the respective Secretary-Treasurer, the General Secretary of the AME Church, the General Treasurer and the members of the various Commissions and one Bishop as presiding officer with the other Bishops associating.

Judicial Council

The Judicial Council is the highest judicatory body of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. It is an appellate court, elected by the General Conference and is amenable to it.

AME Connectional Health Commission

The Connectional Health Commission serves, among other tasks, to help the denomination understand health as an integral part of the faith of the Christian Church, to seek to make our denomination a healing faith community, and to promote the health concerns of its members. One of the initiatives of the commission is the establishment of an interactive website that will allow not only health directors, but the AMEC membership at-large to access health information, complete reports, request assistance. This website serves as a resource for members of the AMEC, and will be the same for anyone who accesses the website. Additionally, as this will be an interactive site, it will allow health directors to enter a password protected chat room to discuss immediate needs and coordinate efforts for relief regionally, nationally and globally.

It is through this website that efforts to distribute information about resources and public health updates, and requests for services may be coordinated nationally. This will allow those who access the website to use one central location for all resource information needs.^[19]

Overview

The World Council of Churches estimates the membership of the AME Church at around 2,510,000; 3,817 pastors, 21 bishops and 7,000 congregations.^[20]^[21]

The AME Church is a member of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA (NCC), World Methodist Council, Churches Uniting in Christ, and the World Council of Churches.

The AME Church is not related to either the Union American Methodist Episcopal Church (which was founded in Delaware by Peter Spencer in 1813), or the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (which was founded in New York by James Varick). However, all three are within full communion with each other since May 2012.

Districts

The AME Church is divided into 20 districts, spanning North America, the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South America:

Bishops (past and present)

The Four Horsemen: important bishops

Current bishops and assignments

Retired bishops

General officers

Notable clergy and educators

Ecumenism

In May 2012, The African Methodist Episcopal Church entered into full communion with the racially integrated United Methodist Church, and the predominantly Black/African American members of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, African Union Methodist Protestant Church, Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, and Union American Methodist Episcopal Church, in which these Churches agreed to "recognize each other's churches, share sacraments, and affirm their clergy and ministries." bringing a semblance of unity and reconciliation to those church bodies which follow in the footsteps of John and Charles Wesley^[30]

Social issues

The AME Church is active regarding issues of social justice and has invested time in reforming the criminal justice system.^[31] The AME Church also opposes "elective abortion".^[32] On women's issues, the AME has supported gender equality and, in 2000, first elected a woman to become bishop.^[33] In 2004, the denomination voted to prohibit same-sex marriages in its churches, but did not establish a position on ordination. However, bishops of the church have stated that openly LGBT persons are not ordained.^[34] There are openly gay clergy ordained in the AME and "the AME Church’s Doctrine and Discipline has no explicit policy regarding gay clergy".^[35]^[36]

During the 2016 General Conference, the AME Church invited Hillary Clinton to offer an address to the delegates and clergy.^[37] Additionally, the AME Church voted to take "a stand against climate change".^[38]

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Pratt|first1=George|title=Largest Religious groups in the United States of America|url=http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html|website=Adherents.com|publisher=Adherence.com|accessdate=2017-01-04|ref=Churches and Church Membership in the United States}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://christianity.about.com/od/AME/a/African-Methodist-Episcopal-Profile.htm |title=African Methodist Episcopal - Brief Overview of the African Methodist Episcopal Church |work=christianity.about.com |date=May 14, 2014 |accessdate=May 14, 2014 |first=Jack |last=Zavada |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515012112/http://christianity.about.com/od/AME/a/African-Methodist-Episcopal-Profile.htm |archivedate=May 15, 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p97.html|title=Richard Allen |publisher=PBS|accessdate=2017-09-07}}
4. ^{{cite journal | url=https://www.evernote.com/shard/s66/sh/96ed377e-611a-4e39-a7ec-5f92e5bc9bae/2ef9ee9a8cfb75daec97ee3c96058355 | title=Our Own Vine and Fig Tree: The Authority of History and Kinship in Mother Bethel | author=Beck, Carolyn S. | journal=Review of Religious Research | year=1988 | volume=29 | issue=4 | pages=369–84 | jstor=3511576}}
5. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPBT2N1CoboC&pg=PA8 | title=A Will to Choose: The Origins of African American Methodism | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | first=J. Gordon | last=Melton | year=2007 | location=Lanham, MD | pages=8–11 | others=Introduction by Woodie W. White | isbn=978-0-7425-5264-7 | oclc=73993826 | ol=10721694M | lccn=2006034686}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ame-church.com/our-church |title=Our Church |work=ame-church.com |date=June 14, 2014 |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |author1= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614122937/http://www.ame-church.com/our-church |archivedate=June 14, 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}
7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obamas-to-attend-church-prior-to-white-house-swearing-in/2013/01/20/735b20ba-6300-11e2-85f5-a8a9228e55e7_story.html |title=Obamas attend church prior to White House swearing-in - The Washington Post |work=The Washington Post |date=January 20, 2013 |publisher=WPC |location=Washington DC |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=464372658 |accessdate=May 14, 2014 |others=Image credits: Hamil Harris/TWP - |first=Hamil R. |last=Harris |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobamas-to-attend-church-prior-to-white-house-swearing-in%2F2013%2F01%2F20%2F735b20ba-6300-11e2-85f5-a8a9228e55e7_story.html&date=2014-05-14 |archivedate=May 14, 2014 |deadurl=no |quote=The president has not a joined a church in Washington and most frequently attends St. John's Church, an Episcopal church close to the White House.}}
8. ^James T. Campbell, Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (1995)
9. ^A. Nevell Owens, Formation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the Nineteenth Century: Rhetoric of Identification (2014)
10. ^The Annual Cyclopedia: 1866," (1867) p 492; The Annual Cyclopedia: 1876 (1877) p 532
11. ^William E. Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865–1900 (1993) pp. 148-152.
12. ^¹Stephen Ward Angell, Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South, (1992)
13. ^"Dr. Cone is an ordained minister in the (A.M.E.) church." (Union Theological Seminary's URL) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930193421/http://www.utsnyc.edu/Page.aspx?&pid=353 |date=2011-09-30 }}
14. ^James H. Cone, Black theology and black power (2nd ed. 1997).
15. ^Jacquelyn Grant, White Woman's Christ and Black Woman's Jesus (1989)
16. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/faith_and_values/2008/03/21/webster.ART_ART_03-21-08_B7_AH9M5IK.html|title = Legacy of retiring AME bishop includes health center|last = Heagney|first = Meredith|date = March 21, 2008|work = The Columbus Dispatch|access-date = June 18, 2015}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.ame-church.com/our-church/our-structure/|title = OUR STRUCTURE|accessdate = June 18, 2015|website = African Methodist Episcopal Church}}
18. ^The Doctrine and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (2012). p. 13
19. ^AMECHealth.org AME Connectional Health Commission
20. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/african-methodist-episcopal-church |title=African Methodist Episcopal Church – World Council of Churches |work=oikoumene.org |date=May 14, 2014 |accessdate=May 14, 2014 |author= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515013112/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/african-methodist-episcopal-church |archivedate=May 15, 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oikoumene.org/gr/member-churches/regions/north-america/united-states-of-america/african-methodist-episcopal-church.html |title=African Methodist Episcopal Church |date=October 2, 2012 |accessdate=September 15, 2014 |work=oikoumene.org |publisher=World Council of Churches |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002165139/http://www.oikoumene.org/gr/member-churches/regions/north-america/united-states-of-america/african-methodist-episcopal-church.html |archivedate=October 2, 2012 |deadurl=yes |author1=}}
22. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web|url=http://www.ame-church.com/leadership/general-officers/ |title=GENERAL OFFICERS | African Methodist Episcopal Church |work=ame-church.com |date=May 17, 2014 |accessdate=May 17, 2014 |author= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517195016/http://www.ame-church.com/leadership/general-officers/ |archivedate=May 17, 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}
23. ^[https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/10906.htm Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121141240/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/10906.htm |date=January 21, 2009 }}
24. ^The History Makers: Carolyn Tyler Guidry
25. ^{{cite web|last=Harger|first=Jim|title=Lyman Parks, first black mayor of Grand Rapids, dies at 92|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2009/11/former_grand_rapids_mayor_lyma.html|work=Online Newspaper|publisher=Grand Rapids Press|accessdate=9 July 2011}}
26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/78/Bishop_Daniel_Payne_lead_with_mind_and_spirit |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109133059/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/78/Bishop_Daniel_Payne_lead_with_mind_and_spirit |archive-date=2005-11-09 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
27. ^http://www.bethel1.org
28. ^See: Balto. City Heritage Area marker on site with sketch.
29. ^http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=637&category=religionMakers
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2012/05/methodists_reac.html |title=Methodists Reach Across Historic Racial Boundaries with Communion Pact |last=Banks |first=Adelle M. |date=7 May 2012 |publisher=Christianity Today |accessdate=11 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626094704/http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2012/05/methodists_reac.html |archivedate=26 June 2012 }}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ame-church.com/social-action-commission-focus-on-baltimore/|title=Social Action Commission - Focus on Baltimore - AME Church|date=2015-05-01|website=AME Church|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-05}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_hist1.htm|title=Current abortion beliefs of religious groups|website=www.religioustolerance.org|access-date=2016-05-05}}
33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/12/us/after-213-years-ame-church-elects-first-woman-as-a-bishop.html|title=After 213 Years, A.M.E. Church Elects First Woman as a Bishop|last=Goodstein|first=Laurie|date=2000-07-12|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-05-05}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-african-methodist-episcopal-church/|title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: African Methodist Episcopal Church|access-date=2016-12-24}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.umnews.org/en/news/gay-pastors-removal-brings-sadness-defiance|title=Gay pastor’s removal brings sadness, defiance {{!}} United Methodist News Service|website=www.umnews.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-16}}
36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/benjamin-hutchison-united-methodist-pastor_us_55b9259ee4b0224d8834f9c7|title=These Ministers Won't Stop Showing Love For A Gay Pastor Who Lost His Job|last=Kuruvilla|first=Carol|date=2015-07-30|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-07-16|language=en-US}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=http://blackchristiannews.com/2016/07/hillary-clinton-to-address-ame-church-conference-in-philadelphia/|title=Hillary Clinton to Address AME Church Conference in Philadelphia|language=en-us|access-date=2016-07-08}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.episcopalcafe.com/african-methodist-episcopal-church-passes-climate-resolution/|title=African Methodist Episcopal Church Passes Climate Resolution|date=2016-07-25|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-26}}