| 词条 | Gamtoos River |
| 释义 |
| name = Gamtoos River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Gamtoosrivier | name_etymology = Probably derived from a Khoikhoi clan whose name was given by early Dutch settlers as "Gamtousch" | image = South Africa-Eastern Cape-Gamtoos River01.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Gamtoos River near its mouth into the Indian Ocean between Port Elizabeth and Jeffreys Bay, with the R102 bridge in the foreground and the N2 bridge in the background. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of the Gamtoos River mouth | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = {{RSA}} | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = Eastern Cape | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|645|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = _ | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = Kouga River / Groot River | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|33|44|45|S|24|36|55|E|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|90|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = Indian Ocean | mouth_location = St. Francis Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|58|8.75|S|25|1|58.08|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|34635|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} Gamtoos River or Gamptoos River is a river in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It is formed by the confluence of the Kouga River and the Groot River and is approximately {{convert|645|km|adj=on}} long {{citation needed|reason=Polish wikipedia needs a reliable source for the length of the river|date=December 2015}} with a catchment area of {{convert|34635|km2}}.[1]CourseThe Gamtoos river system is formed by the Groot, the Kouga and the Baviaanskloof Rivers. The latter is a tributary of the Kouga.[2] Although the rainfall in the catchment area is low, it supports a commercial irrigated agriculture in the lower catchment in which oranges, tobacco, citrus fruit and vegetables are grown. There is an estuary where the Gamtoos river enters the Indian Ocean. It is located between Jeffreys Bay and Port Elizabeth and the Gamtoos River Mouth Nature Reserve is in the area. The towns of Hankey, the oldest town situated in the Gamtoos river valley, and Patensie are situated in the lower catchment. Further inland are the towns of Steytlerville, Joubertina, Uniondale, Willowmore and Murraysburg. Tributaries include the Loerie River, Klein River, Hol River, besides the Groot and the Kouga that form the Gamtoos. HistorySaartjie Baartman - the "Hottentot Venus" - was born around 1789 in the vicinity of the Gamtoos river. In 1877 during a severe drought in the region, the Gamtoos River dried up completely.[3] During the floods of October 1867, according to John Croumbie Brown, the level of water in some parts of the river rose by up to {{convert|70|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.[4] Two bridges cross the Gamtoos close to its mouth in the Kouga. The original {{convert|600|ft|m|adj=on|disp=flip}} bridge on the R102 was opened in 1895 in order to replace the ferry that had been in use up to that time.[5] A modern concrete bridge was built during the construction of the N2 in the early 1970s. Dams in the basinPresently this river is part of the Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area.
EcologyIn 1995 specimens of the Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), a South African fish species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, were found in the Krom River and subsequently they were also found in the Gamtoos River system. Until then it had been thought that its distribution was restricted to the area between the Keurbooms and the Olifants River.[6] Although in South Africa this relatively delicate fish is only classified as near threatened, in Australia species of the same genus were driven to extinction by competing salmonids and other introduced species of fish.[7] See also
References1. ^Fish to Tsitsikamma WMA 15 2. ^Catchment L, the Gamtoos River System {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222080910/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/institutes/iwr/wetland/data/GamtoosSYSTEM/GamtoosSystemReport.pdf |date=2014-12-22 }} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Sellick|first=W.S.J.|title=Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904 |year=1904 | url= https://archive.org/details/uitenhagepastpre00sell |pages=125}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Brown|first=John Croumbie|title=Water supply of South Africa, and facilities for the storage of it|publisher=Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd|year=1877|pages=125|chapter=III - Supply of water as affected by rivers|url=https://archive.org/stream/watersupplyofsou00browrich#page/125/mode/1up|accessdate=2009-11-23}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Sellick|first=W.S.J.|title=Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904|year=1904|url=https://archive.org/details/uitenhagepastpre00sell|pages=186, 187}} 6. ^Freshwater Ichthyology - The Cape galaxias Galaxias zebratus{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^[https://archive.is/20121225011025/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&g/mg1.htm "Biodiversity, Alien trout, and the So what attitude"] External links{{commonscat-inline}}
2 : Rivers of the Eastern Cape|Rivers of South Africa |
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