| 词条 | General Magic |
| 释义 |
| name = General Magic | logo = General-Magic-Logo.svg | logo_size = 103px | founded = {{start_date|1990|5}}[1] | hq_location_city = Mountain View, California | hq_location_country = United States[1] | defunct = {{end_date|2002|9}}[3] | founders = {{ublist|Bill Atkinson|Andy Hertzfeld|Marc Porat[1]}} | products={{ublist|Telescript|Magic Cap}} | industry = {{ublist|Personal digital assistants|Software}} }}General Magic was an American software and electronics company co-founded by Bill Atkinson, Andy Hertzfeld[1] and Marc Porat. Based in Mountain View, California,[2] the company developed precursors to "USB, software modems, small touchscreens, touchscreen controller Ics, ASICs, multimedia email, networked games, streaming TV and early e-commerce notions."[7] General Magic's main product was the operating system Magic Cap,[8] which was used on the Motorola Envoy PDA and the Magic Link PDA by Sony[3] in 1994.[1] It also introduced the programming language Telescript.[11] After announcing it would cease operations in 2002,[3] it was liquidated in 2004[13] with most of its patents purchased by Paul Allen.[7] HistoryApple project and spinoff (1989)The original project started in 1989 within Apple Computer, when Marc Porat convinced Apple's CEO at the time John Sculley that the next generation of computing would require a partnership of computer, communications and consumer electronics companies to cooperate. Known as the Paradigm project, the project ran for some time within Apple, but management remained generally uninterested and the team struggled for resources. Eventually they approached Sculley with the idea of spinning off the group as a separate company, which occurred in May 1990.[3] In 1990[1] it was founded by Marc Porat, Andy Hertzfeld, and Bill Atkinson[4] in Mountain View, California. Apple took a minority stake in the company, with John Sculley joining the General Magic board.[5] Porat, Hertzfeld and Atkinson were soon joined at General Magic by Susan Kare,[6] and most of Apple's Mac 7 team, including Bruce Leak, Darin Adler and Phil Goldman.[20] During the early 1990s, Joanna Hoffman was vice president of marketing.[7] In 1990, Porat wrote the following note to Sculley: "A tiny computer, a phone, a very personal object . . . It must be beautiful. It must offer the kind of personal satisfaction that a fine piece of jewelry brings. It will have a perceived value even when it's not being used... Once you use it you won't be able to live without it."[4] Early years (1992-1993)The company initially operated in nearly-complete secrecy. By 1992, some of the world's largest electronics corporations, including Sony, Motorola, Matsushita, Philips and AT&T Corporation were partners and investors in General Magic,[3] creating significant buzz in the industry.[8] Sculley, Motorola CEO George Fisher, Sony president Norio Ogha, and A&T division chairman Victor Pelsen became board members. By February 1993, the company had 100 employees.[11] On February 8, 1993, the New York Times referred to General Magic as "Silicon Valley's most closely watched start-up company." It reported that the company was introducing software technology called Telescript with the intent of creating a "standard for transmitting messages among any machines that compute, regardless of who makes them." The company also announced the software Magic Cap, an operating system catered to communications.[9] In an article titled "Here's Where Woodstock Meets Silicon Valley," on February 27, 1993, the New York Times reported that General Magic had backing from "American Telephone and Telegraph, Sony, Motorola, Philips Electronics and Matsushita Electric Industrial." Marc Porat remained the chief executive of the company.[10] By 1994, the "General Magic Alliance" of cross-industry partners had expanded to 16 global telecommunications and consumer electronics companies, including Cable & Wireless, France Telecom, NTT, Northern Telecom, Toshiba, Oki, Sanyo, Mitsubishi and Fujitsu. Each of the so-called "Founding Partners" invested up to $6 million in the company and named a senior executive to the company's "Founding Partner's Council." By early 1993, the company's early products such as Telescript were forced to compete with the Newton "personal digital assistant" being developed by Apple.[11] Telescript would come out in 1996 at the start of the internet boom.[3] In 1992-1993, while Sculley was still a director of General Magic, Apple entered the consumer electronics market with a poorly-received project that became the Apple Newton. Newton, originally designed as a tablet with no communications capabilities, took market interest from General Magic. In 1994, Sony launched the wireline Sony Magic Link,[4] which sold for $800.[4] AT&T launched its PersonaLink network to host the devices. PersonaLink was a closed network that did not connect to the internet itself, and AT&T shut down the network in 1996.[4] IPO (1995)The company launched an IPO on NASDAQ in February 1995.[12] General Magic raised $96 million in the IPO, and a total of $200 million from 16 different investors.[13] The company's stock value doubled after its IPO.[8] While doing well, the company reportedly let rabbits roam the offices to inspire creativity.[12] Portico service (1996)Steve Markman was hired to run General Magic in 1996, and he hired Kevin Surace to head up a new telephony group. This new team of 60-70 people set out to create a voice recognition-based personal assistant service that would be as close to human interaction as possible. The first service delivered was Portico (was code named Serengeti in development), and the interface was called Mary, named after Mary McDonald-Lewis, who voiced Portico, Serengeti and GM's later version, OnStar. Portico synchronized to devices such as the Palm Connected Organizer and Microsoft Outlook and handled voicemail, call forwarding, email, calendar etc., all through the user's own personal 800 number. General Magic was the first company to employ a large number of linguists to make their software seem real and responses varied, with General Magic investors receiving several key patents relating to voice recognition and artificial personality. The Portico system was also scaled back and sold through many partners including Quest and Excite. At its peak, the system supported approximately 2.5 million users. In 1997 Steve Markman hired Linda Hayes as Chief Marketing Officer, who in turn hired a new marketing team, which launched Portico. The Portico launch is attributed with lifting General Magic's stock price from $1 in 1997 to $18 in 2000. According to Fast Company, the company's original [device] idea was "practically, dead," with people not buying General Magic devices in quantity.[4] Spinoffs and myTalk (1998-2000)While Portico ran its voice portal business, the original handheld group was spun off in 1998 as Icras. The new company sold the Magic Cap OS as hardware named DataRover and focused on vertical market systems. General Magic announced a major licensing deal and investments from Microsoft in March 1998. The deal gave Microsoft access to certain intellectual property, and helped General Magic move toward integrating Portico with Microsoft products. The OnStar Virtual Advisor was developed at this time as well for General Motors.[12] In 1999 the Marketing Team developed a separate consumer product called MyTalk. Created by Kevin Wray, the MyTalk product was a success and went on to win the ComputerWorld Smithsonian Award for the first commercially successful voice recognition consumer product. Today MyTalk was also listed in the permanent Smithsonian Museum collection.[14] Because of the product's momentum, the intent was to spin off Hayes’ group with Wray leading the product management. However, because of failure to agree on technology licensing terms, the spin-off stalled. By the end of 2000, most of the marketing team had moved on to other companies. Shutdown (1999-2004)By 1999, the company's stock had plunged significantly, with Forbes attributing the drop to "losses, layoffs and missed projections."[8] Most of the management that was involved in bringing Portico to market left by early 2000 to pursue other interests with Internet startups. A new team was brought in led by Kathleen Layton. The new team took the company in the direction of turning its voice services into enterprise software offerings. The company announced it would cease operations on September 18, 2002.[12] The company was liquidated in 2004.[8] The OnStar assets were turned over to EDS to run for General Motors. The patents were auctioned by the court. Most of the patents the company had developed were purchased by Paul Allen.[15] Products and technologyAccording to Electronics Weekly, the company "developed a precursor of USB, software modems, small touchscreens, touchscreen controller Ics, ASICs, multimedia email, networked games, streaming TV and early e-commerce notions."[15] Magic Cap{{main article|Magic Cap}}General Magic's main product was Magic Cap, an operating system[4] which allowed users to "set their own rules for message alerts and acquiring information" on PDAs, according to CNET.[12] The basic idea behind the system was to distribute the typical computing load across many machines in the network using Magic Cap, which was a fairly minimal operating system that was essentially a UI. The UI is based on a "rooms" metaphor; for example, e-mail and an address book can be found in the office, and games might be found in a living room. User applications were generally written in Magic Script, a utility language variant of the C programming language with object oriented extensions. It was used on the Envoy PDA by Motorola and the MagicLink PDA by Sony.[12] Sony and Motorola introduced Magic Cap devices in late 1994, based on the Motorola 68300 Dragon microprocessor.[1] The launch suffered from a lack of real supporting infrastructure.[3] Unlike the Newton and other PDAs being introduced at the same time, the Magic Cap system also did not rely on handwriting recognition,[1] putting it at a marketing disadvantage. Partners ended production of Magic Cap devices by 1997. General Magic planned to release Magic Cap software development tools with Metrowerks by the summer of 1995.[16] Telescript{{main article|Telescript (programming language)}}Its other software, Telescript, was "software-agent technology that would search the Web and automatically retrieve information such as stock quotes and airline ticket prices."[12] The script was introduced with the intent of creating a "standard for transmitting messages among any machines that compute, regardless of who makes them."[9] The Telescript programming language made communications a first-class primitive of the language. Telescript is compiled into a cross-platform bytecode in much the same fashion as the Java programming language, but is able to migrate running processes between virtual machines. The developers saw a time when Telescript application engines would be ubiquitous, and interconnected Telescript engines would form a "Telescript Cloud" across which mobile applications could execute. LegacyThe company achieved many technical breakthroughs, including software modems (eliminating the need for modem chips), small touchscreens and touchscreen controller ASICs, highly integrated systems-on-a-chip designs for its partners' devices, rich multimedia email, networked games, streaming television, and early versions of e-commerce. Many Silicon Valley luminaries worked at General Magic either at the beginning or early on in their careers, including Tony Fadell, Andy Rubin, Andy Hertzfeld, Pierre Omidyar, Kevin Surace, Marc Porat, Kevin Lynch, Steve Perlman, Phil Goldman, Peter Nieh, and Marco DeMiroz.[8] Megan Smith, and John Giannandrea. According to former General Magic employee Marco DeMiroz, it was the "Fairchild [Semiconductor] of the 90s."[8] Magic is generally seen as the Fairchild of mobile, social and ecommerce—the fountain from which much of today's smartphone and online communication and commerce technology sprang, just as Fairchild Semiconductor spawned Intel, National Semiconductor, AMD and the rest of the Valley's semiconductor industry. A film about the startup opened the SFFilm Festival in San Francisco on November 3, 2018.[17] As the founders hired a film-maker to document their development process, the film includes original 1990s footage of General Magic's offices.[18] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite journal |title=Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II |date=April 1994 |journal=Wired |issue=2.04 |accessdate=2015-02-10 |url=http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/2.04/general.magic_pr.html |last1=Levy |first1=Steven |authorlink1=Steven Levy}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/30/business/3-companies-said-to-invest-in-venture.html |title=3 Companies Said to Invest In Venture |author=Andrew Pollack |date=November 30, 1991 |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=December 10, 2018}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelkanellos/2011/09/18/general-magic-the-most-important-dead-company-in-silicon-valley/ |publisher=Forbes |title=General Magic: The Most Important Dead Company in Silicon Valley? |author=Kanellos, Michael |date=2011-09-18 |accessdate=2015-02-10}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90206157/general-magic-captures-the-legendary-apple-offshoot-that-foresaw-the-mobile-revolution |title=“General Magic” captures the legendary Apple offshoot that foresaw the mobile revolution |author=Mark Sullivan |date=2018 |publisher=Fast Company |access-date=}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/12/business/business-people-apple-technologists-forming-new-venture.html |title=BUSINESS PEOPLE; Apple Technologists Forming New Venture |author=Andrew Pollack |date=July 12, 1990 |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=December 10, 2018}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-magical-apple-spinoff-that-almost-invented-the-iphone-in-1993/40708|title=In 1993, This Company Almost Invented the iPhone — and It Wasn't Apple|last=Braswell|first=Sean|work=OZY|access-date=2018-02-23|language=en}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |last=Hertzfeld |first=Andy|title=Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the MAC was Made |url= |location= |publisher=Oreilly |page=xxii |isbn= |date=2005 }} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelkanellos/2011/09/18/general-magic-the-most-important-dead-company-in-silicon-valley/#1c31f3644d8c |title=General Magic: The Most Important Dead Company in Silicon Valley? |author=Michael Kanellos |date=September 18, 2011 |publisher=Forbes |access-date=}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/08/business/spreading-the-word-on-mobile-messaging.html |title=Spreading the Word on Mobile Messaging |author=John Markoff |date=February 8, 1993 |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=December 10, 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/27/business/here-s-where-woodstock-meets-silicon-valley.html|title=Here's Where Woodstock Meets Silicon Valley |author=Steve Lohr |date=February 27, 1993 |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=December 10, 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/15/business/company-news-general-magic-to-disclose-its-strategy-and-sponsors.html |title=COMPANY NEWS; General Magic to Disclose Its Strategy and Sponsors |author=John Markoff |date=January 15, 1993 |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=December 10, 2018}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-958465.html |publisher=CNET |date=2002-09-18 |author=Kanellos, Michael |title=General Magic calls its quits |accessdate=2015-02-10}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/before-apples-iphone-there-was-general-magic-1531488737 |title=Before Apple’s iPhone There Was General Magic |author= |date=July 13, 2018 |publisher=Barron's |access-date=}} 14. ^permanent Smithsonian Museum collection 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/blogs/mannerisms/fable/fable-the-hubristic-huddle-2016-06/ |title= Fable: The Hubristic Huddle|author=David Manners |date=June 9, 2016 |publisher=Electronics Weekly |access-date=December 10, 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.11/11.05/MakingMagic/ |title=A developer's introduction to General Magic and Magic Cap |author= |date= |publisher=MacTech |access-date=}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.sffilm.org/screenings-and-events/doc-stories-2018 |title=SCREENINGS & EVENTS - Doc Stories 2018 |author= |date= |publisher=SFilm |access-date=}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/22/17233362/general-magic-movie-review-documentary-silicon-valley-tribeca-2018 |title=General Magic is a nostalgic film about the ‘90s startup that imagined the smartphone |author=Adi Robertson |date=April 22, 2018 |publisher=The Verge |access-date=}} 8 : Defunct computer companies based in California|Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area|Companies based in Mountain View, California|Computer companies established in 1990|Companies disestablished in 2002|1990 establishments in California|2002 disestablishments in California|Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area |
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