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词条 Generaloberst
释义

  1. Austro-Hungarian Army

  2. German Empire

     Bavarian Army  Prussian Army  Royal Saxon Army  Army of Württemberg 

  3. Weimar Republic

     Reichswehr 

  4. Nazi Germany

     Wehrmacht  Heer  Luftwaffe  Waffen-SS  German Police 

  5. German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

     National People's Army  Ministry of State Security  Deutsche Volkspolizei (DVP) 

  6. See also

  7. References

{{italictitle}}{{for|the use of this Four-star rank in other countries|Colonel general}}

Generaloberst, in English colonel general, was, in Germany and Austria-Hungary—the German Reichswehr and Wehrmacht, the Austro-Hungarian Common Army, and the East German National People's Army, as well as the respective police services—the second highest general officer rank, ranking above full general but below general field marshal. It was equivalent to Generaladmiral in the Kriegsmarine until 1945, or to Flottenadmiral in the Volksmarine until 1990. The rank was the highest ordinary military rank and the highest military rank awarded in peacetime; the higher rank of general field marshal was only awarded in wartime by the head of state. In general, a Generaloberst had the same privileges as a general field marshal.

A literal translation of Generaloberst would be "uppermost general", but it is often translated as "colonel-general" by analogy to Oberst, "colonel", including in countries where the rank was adopted, e.g. in Russia (генерал-полковник, general-polkovnik). "Oberst" derives from the superlative form of Germanic ober (upper), cognate to English over, thus "Superior General" might be a more idiomatic rendering. The rank was created in 1854, originally for Emperor William I—then Prince of Prussia—because traditionally members of the royal family were not promoted to the rank of field marshal. During the 19th century the rank was largely honorary and usually only held by members of the princely families or the Governor of Berlin. Regular promotion of professional officers to the grade did not begin until 1911. Since the rank of Generalfeldmarschall was also reserved for wartime promotions, the additional rank of a "supreme general in the capacity of a field marshal"—the Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls—was created for promotions during peacetime. Such generals were entitled to wear four pips on their shoulder boards, compared to the normal three. As such, Generaloberst could be a peacetime equivalent of the general field marshal rank.

Generaloberst was the second highest general officer rank—below field marshal—in the Prussian Army as well as in the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1921–33), the Wehrmacht (which included the Luftwaffe, established in 1935) of Nazi Germany (1933–45), and the East German Nationale Volksarmee (1949–1991). As military ranks were often used for other uniformed services, the rank was also used by the Waffen-SS and the Ordnungspolizei of Nazi Germany, and the Volkspolizei and Stasi of East Germany. In East Germany, the rank was junior to the general of the army (Armeegeneral), as well as to the briefly extant, and never awarded, rank of Marschall der DDR.

{{TOC limit}}

Austro-Hungarian Army

In 1915 the Generaloberst - Vezérezredes rank was introduced to the Austro-Hungarian Common Army. It was the second highest behind the Feldmarschall - Tábornagy rank.

See also
{{Main|List of Austro-Hungarian colonel generals}}
  1. 1916 Erzherzog Joseph Ferdinand von Österreich-Toskana (1872–1942)
  2. Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky (1830–1920)
  3. Eduard Graf Paar (1837–1919)
  4. Arthur Freiherr von Bolfras (1838–1922)
  5. Friedrich Freiherr von Georgi (1852–1926)
  6. Karl Freiherr von Pflanzer-Baltin (1855–1925)
  7. Viktor Graf Dankl von Krasnik (1854–1941)
  8. Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas (1854–1921)
  9. Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barensfeld (1855–1932)
  10. Paul Freiherr Puhallo von Brlog (1856–1926)
  11. Erzherzog Leopold Salvator von Österreich-Toskana (1863–1931)
  12. Karl Graf von Kirchbach auf Lauterbach (1856–1939)
  13. Karl Georg Graf Huyn (1857–1938)
  14. Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten (1860–1934)
  15. Karl Křitek (1861–1928)
  16. Wenzel Freiherr von Wurm (1859–1921)
  17. Samuel Freiherr von Hazai (1851–1942)
  18. Leopold Freiherr von Hauer (1854–1933)
  19. Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel (1857–1938)
  20. Stephan Freiherr Sarkotić von Lovčen (1858–1939)
  21. Josef Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Łapanów (1859–1927)
  22. Arthur Freiherr Arz von Straußenburg (1857–1935)
  23. Hugo Martiny von Malastów (1860–1940)
  24. Rudolf Freiherr Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten (1861–1921)
  25. Alois Fürst Schönburg-Hartenstein (1858–1944)

German Empire

Rank insignia of the German Empire 1871 until 1918, here shoulder strap of the German Imperial Army: twisted of silver- and golden-braids with three stars to "Colonel general" (equivalent to four-star rank, today: OF-9).

Bavarian Army

  • December 27, 1911 – Carl von Horn (1847–1923), Minister of War
  • August 1, 1914 – Otto Kreß von Kressenstein (1850–1929), Minister of War
  • April 9, 1918 – Felix von Bothmer (1852–1937), commander-in chief in WW I

Prussian Army

  • March 20, 1854 – Wilhelm of Preußen (1797–1888), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall
  • Jun 16,1871 – Albrecht of Preußen (1809–1872), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall
  • September 2, 1873 – August Prinz von Württemberg (1813–1885), Commander and Governor of Berlin
  • Juni 25, 1888 – Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (1826–1907), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall, Inspector of the Army
  • September 19, 1888 – Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape (1813–1895), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall, Commander in den Marken and Governor of Berlin
  • December 21, 1889 – Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1818–1901)
  • March 20, 1890 – Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall à la suite of the Army, 1st Chancellor of Germany
  • October 18, 1901 – Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern (1835–1905)
  • March 22, 1902 – Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1817–1905)
  • September 15, 1905 – Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1851–1928), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall, Inspector of the Army
  • September 15, 1905 – Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden (1857–1928), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall, Inspector of the Army
  • September 13, 1906 – Ernst Rudolf Max Edler von der Planitz (1836–1910), Inspector General of the Cavalry
  • September 28, 1907 – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1826–1908), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall of the Prussian Army[1]
  • September 18, 1908 – Hans von Plessen (1841–1929), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall, Adjutant General of the Kaiser and Commander of the Great Headquarters (de: Großes Hauptquartier)
  • 4. September 4, 1909 – Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929), with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall, Großadmiral, Inspector general of the Navy, à la suite of the Prussian Army
  • September 10, 1910 – Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia (1865–1931), à la suite
  • January 22, 1911 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917), à la suite
  • January 27, 1911 – Gustav von Kessel (1846–1918), Adjutant General of the Kaiser, Commander in the Marken, and Governor of Berlin
  • September 13, 1912 - Karl von Bülow (1846-1921), Army Commander, promoted to Generalfeldmarschal in 1915
  • January 1, 1913 - Hermann von Eichhorn (1948-1918) Army Group Commander, promoted to Generalfeldmarschal in 1917
  • Jun 16, 1913 – Maximilian von Prittwitz (1848–1917), Army Commander
  • Jun 16, 1913 – Friedrich von Scholl (1846–1928), Adjutant General of the Kaiser
  • January 27, 1914 – Josias von Heeringen (1850–1926), Army Commander
  • January 27, 1914 – Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (1848–1916), Chief of the 1st Oberste Heeresleitung
  • January 27, 1914 – Alexander von Kluck (1846–1934), Army Commander
  • December 3, 1914 - August von Mackensen (1849-1945), Army Commander, promoted to Generalfeldmarschal in 1915
  • December 3, 1914 - Remus von Woyrsch (1947-1920), Army Group Commander, promoted to Generalfeldmarschal in 1917
  • December 24, 1914 – Moritz von Bissing (1844–1917), Governor general of Belgium
  • December 24, 1914 – Ludwig von Falkenhausen (1844–1936), Army Commander
  • January 27, 1915 – Karl von Einem (1853–1934), Army Commander
  • February 20, 1916 – Alexander von Linsingen (1850–1935), Army Commander
  • January 27, 1917 – Günther Graf von Kirchbach (1850–1925), Commander of Heeresgruppe Kiew
  • January 27, 1917 – Richard von Schubert (1850–1933), Army Commander
  • January 27, 1918 – Hans von Beseler (1850–1921), Army Commander
  • March 22, 1918 – Max von Boehn (1850–1921), Army Group Commander
  • April 10, 1918 – Moriz Freiherr von Lyncker (1853–1932), Chief of the Military Cabinet

Royal Saxon Army

  • December 21, 1889 – Carl Alexander Großherzog of Sachsen (1818–1901)
  • September 15, 1905 – Bernhard Erbprinz of Sachsen-Meiningen (1851–1928)
  • September 28, 1907 – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1826–1908)
  • September 4, 1909 – Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)
  • December 17, 1910 – Max Freiherr of Hausen (1846–1922), Minister-President, Army Commander
  • January 23, 1918 – Karl Ludwig d'Elsa (1849–1922), Army Commander
  • January 23, 1918 – Hans von Kirchbach (1849–1928), Army Commander

Army of Württemberg

  • February 25, 1913 – Philipp Herzog von Württemberg (1838–1917), à la suite of the Army of Württemberg
  • September 24, 1913 – Albrecht Herzog von Württemberg (1865–1939), later also Prussian Generalfeldmarschall
  • 1918 – Otto von Marchtaler (1854–1920), Minister of War

Weimar Republic

Reichswehr

  • January 1, 1926 – Hans von Seeckt (1866–1936), Chief of the Heeresleitung
  • January 1, 1930 – Wilhelm Heye (1869–1947), Chief of the Heeresleitung
  • 1934 – Kurt Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord (1878–1943), Chief der Heeresleitung

Nazi Germany

Wehrmacht

{{Infobox military rank
| name = Colonel General
| native_name = Generaloberst
| country = {{flagu|Nazi Germany}}
| image = {{nobreak| }}
| image_size = 100px
| caption = Arabesque and flecktarn suit insignia
| image2 = Generaloberst (Wehrmacht) 8.svg
| image_size2 = 150px
| caption2 = Army shoulder board
| service branch = {{army|Nazi Germany}}
{{air force|Nazi Germany}}
| abbreviation =
| rank = General officer group
| NATO rank = OF-9
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation =
| abolished = 1945
| higher rank = Generalfeldmarschall
| lower rank = General der Waffengattung
| equivalents = see list
}}

The equivalent ranks of a colonel general were in the:

  • Kriegsmarine - Generaladmiral (en: General admiral)
  • Waffen-SS - SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer und Generaloberst der Waffen-SS
  • Schutzstaffel (SS) - Oberst-Gruppenführer
  • Sturmabteilung (SA) - No equivalent
  • Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) - Generaloberst der Polizei (en: Colonel general of police")

⇒ see also main articles Ranks: Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, and Waffen-SS

Heer

  1. April 20, 1936 – Werner von Fritsch (1880–1939)
  2. November 1, 1938 – Ludwig Beck (1880–1944)
  3. Dezember 31, 1938 – Wilhelm Adam (1877–1949)
  4. Oktober 1, 1939 – Johannes Blaskowitz (1883–1948)
  5. July 19, 1940 – Friedrich Dollmann (1882–1944)
  6. July 19, 1940 – Heinz Guderian (1888–1954)
  7. July 19, 1940 – Franz Halder (1884–1972)
  8. July 19, 1940 – Hermann Hoth (1885–1971)
  9. July 19, 1940 – Adolf Strauß (1879–1973)
  10. July 19, 1940 – Nikolaus von Falkenhorst (1885–1968)
  11. July 19, 1940 – Friedrich Fromm (1888–1945)
  12. July 19, 1940 – Curt Haase (1881–1943)
  13. July 19, 1940 – Erich Hoepner (1886–1944)
  14. July 19, 1940 – Eugen Ritter von Schobert (1883–1941)
  15. January 1, 1942 – Georg-Hans Reinhardt (1887–1963)
  16. January 1, 1942 – Rudolf Schmidt (1886–1957)
  17. April 1, 1942 – Richard Ruoff (1883–1967)
  18. Jun 1, 1942 – Eduard Dietl (1890–1944)
  19. July 3, 1942 – Georg Lindemann (1884–1963)
  20. December 3, 1942 – Hans-Jürgen von Arnim (1889–1962)
  21. January 1, 1943 – Gotthard Heinrici (1886–1971)
  22. January 1, 1943 – Hans von Salmuth (1888–1962)
  23. Januar 30, 1943 – Walter Heitz (1878–1944)
  24. July 6, 1943 – Eberhard von Mackensen (1889–1969)
  25. September 1, 1943 – Heinrich Gottfried von Vietinghoff-Scheel (1887–1952)
  26. September 1, 1943 – Karl-Adolf Hollidt (1891–1985)
  27. February 1, 1944 – Alfred Jodl (1890–1946)
  28. February 1, 1944 – Erwin Jaenecke (1890–1960)
  29. February 1, 1944 – Walter Weiß (1890–1967)
  30. February 1, 1944 – Kurt Zeitzler (1895–1963)
  31. April 1, 1944 – Josef Harpe (1887–1968)
  32. April 1, 1944 – Lothar Rendulic (1887–1971)
  33. April 20, 1944 – Hans-Valentin Hube (1890–1944)
  34. July 23, 1944 – Johannes Frießner (1892–1971)
  35. August 15, 1944 – Erhard Raus (1889–1956)
  36. May 1, 1945 – Carl Hilpert (1888–1947)

Luftwaffe

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Luftwaffe collar tabs Generaloberst 3D.svg
| caption1 =
Collar patches

| width1 = 110
| image2 = Wehrmach Lw Generaloberst2 1945.jpg
| caption2 =
Shoulder board

| width2 = 65
| image3 = Luftwaffe paraman Generaloberst 3D.svg
| caption3 =
on flying suit

| width3 = 65
| header = Luftwaffe rank insignia
| footer =
Generaloberst Luftwaffe

| footer_background =
}}
  1. July 19, 1940 – Alfred Keller (1882–1974)
  2. July 19, 1940 – Hans-Jürgen Stumpff (1889–1968)
  3. July 19, 1940 – Ernst Udet (1896–1941)
  4. July 19, 1940 – Ulrich Grauert (1889–1941)
  5. July 19, 1940 – Hubert Weise (1884–1950)
  6. May 3, 1941 – Alexander Löhr (1885–1947)
  7. April 1, 1942 – Hans Jeschonnek (1899–1943)
  8. November 1, 1942 – Günther Rüdel (1883–1950)
  9. February 16, 1943 – Bruno Loerzer (1891–1960)
  10. Jun 11, 1943 – Otto Deßloch (1889–1977)
  11. July 13, 1944 – Kurt Student (1890–1978)
  12. July 22, 1944 (posthum) – Günther Korten (1898–1944)

Waffen-SS

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Rank insignia Waffen-SS
| header_background = #e8e8e8
| image2 = SS Oberst-Gruppenführer.svg
| caption2 =
Shoulder strap

| width2 = 70
| image1 = HH-SS-Oberstgruppenfuhrer-Collar.png
| caption1 =
Gorget patches

| width1 = 120
| image3 = Generaloberst-camo.svg
| caption3 =
camouflage

| width3 = 90
| footer =
Uniform colour Feldgrau (Waffen-SS)

| footer_background = #4D5D53
}}

SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer and Generaloberst of the Waffen-SS:

  • 1942 – Sepp Dietrich (1892–1966)
  • 1944 – Paul Hausser (1880–1972)

German Police

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image3 = ORPO-Generaloberst.svg
| caption3 =
Shoulder strap

| width3 = 70
| image2 = GenObst d. Polizei Kragenspiegel 1942-45.gif
| caption2 =
Gorget patche 1942–45

| width2 = 90
| image1 =Collar tabs for the Generals of the German Police.svg
| caption1 =
Gorget patche 1936–42

| width1 = 80
| header =
Rank insignia police 1936–1945
| footer =
Generaloberst of the Police
| footer_background =
}}

SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer and Generaloberst of the Police:

  • 1942 – Kurt Daluege (1897–1946)
{{clear}}

German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = GDR Army Arab OF6-9.svg
| caption1 =
Arabesque

| width1 = 80
| image2 = GDR Army OF8 Generaloberst.gif
| caption2 =
Epaulette

| width2 = 70
| header = Rank insignia
| footer =
Generaloberst Land forces

| footer_background =
}}

National People's Army

In the Land Forces and Air Forces of the National People's Army, as well as the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic Generaloberst was in line to Soviet military doctrine third general officer rank in that particular genera´s rank group. Pertaining to the NATO-Rangcode it might have been comparable to the three-star rank (OF-8).

The equivalent to the Generaloberst was Admiral of the Volksmarine .

See also
  • Ranks of the National People's Army
{{sequence|noclear=yes
| prev = Junior Rank
Generalleutnant
| list =
(NPA rank)
Generaloberst
| next = Senior Rank
Armeegeneral
}}
  1. March 1, 1966 Kurt Wagner (1904–1989)
  2. March 1, 1972 Herbert Scheibe (1914–1991)
  3. March 1, 1976 Horst Stechbarth (born 1925)
  4. October 7, 1977 Werner Fleißner (1922–1985)
  5. July 14, 1979 Erich Peter (1919–1987)
  6. October 7, 1979 Wolfgang Reinhold (1923–2012)
  7. October 7, 1979 Fritz Streletz (born 1926)
  8. March 1, 1986 Joachim Goldbach (1929–2008)
  9. March 1, 1987 Horst Brünner (1929–2008)
  10. October 7, 1988 Klaus-Dieter Baumgarten (1931–2008)
  11. October 7, 1989 Fritz Peter (born 1927)

Ministry of State Security

  1. February 1980 Bruno Beater (1914–1982)
  2. May 1986 Markus Wolf (1923–2006)
  3. February 1987 Rudi Mittig (1925–1994)
  4. 1989 Werner Großmann (born 1929)

Deutsche Volkspolizei (DVP)

  1. 1962 Karl Maron (1903–1975)
  2. 1987 Karl-Heinz Wagner (1928–2011)

See also

  • Colonel general
  • List of German colonel generals
  • Comparative military ranks of World War I
  • Comparative military ranks of World War II
  • Ranks of the National People's Army

References

1. ^Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 6, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, ohne Jahr, S. 417.

6 : Military of East Germany|Military ranks of Germany|Lists of generals|German military-related lists|Lists of German military personnel|4 star officers of Nazi Germany
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