| 词条 | Geography of Djibouti | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Djibouti |map = |map size = |continent = Africa |region = Horn of Africa |coordinates = |area ranking = 147th |km area = 23,200 |km coastline = 403 |borders = {{convert|528|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} {{ETH}}: {{convert|343|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} {{ERI}}: {{convert|125|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} {{SOM}}: {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |highest point = Mousa Ali {{convert|2028|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |lowest point = Lac Assal {{convert|-155|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |longest river = |largest lake = Lake Abbe }}Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. To the east is its coastline on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Rainfall is sparse, and most of the territory has a semi-arid to arid environment. Lake Assal is a saline lake which lies 155 m (509 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest point on land in Africa and the third-lowest point on Earth after the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Djibouti's major settlements include the capital Djibouti City, the port towns of Tadjoura and Obock, and the southern cities of Ali Sabieh and Dikhil. It is the 147st largest country in the world by land area, covering a total of 23,200 km2, of which 23,180 km2 is land and 20 km2 is water.[1] LocationDjibouti shares {{Convert|125|km|mi}} of border with Eritrea, {{Convert|343|km|mi}} with Ethiopia, and {{Convert|60|km|mi}} with Somalia (total {{Convert|528|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}). It has a strategic location on the Horn of Africa and the Bab el Mandeb, along a route through the Red Sea and Suez Canal. Djibouti's coastline serves as a commercial gateway between the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn region's interior. The country is also the terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia. Physiographic regionsDjibouti can be divided into four physiographic regions
MountainsA great arc of mountains, consisting of the Mousa Ali, Goda Mountains, and Arrei Mountains surrounds Djibouti. Djibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over 1,000 m (3,281 ft).[2]
Grand BaraThe Grand Bara Desert covers parts of South Djibouti in Arta Region, Ali Sabieh Region and Dikhil Region. The majority of the Grand Bara Desert lies at a relatively low elevation, below 1,700 feet (560 m). Home of the popular Grand Bara footrace. CoastsMost of Djibouti has been described as part of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion. The exception is a strip along the Red Sea coast, which is part of the Eritrean coastal desert; it is noted as an important migration route for birds of prey.[3] Djibouti RegionsThe area of the regions of Djibouti is set out in the table below.
ClimateThere is not much seasonal variation in Djibouti's climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with winter rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 32 to 41 °C (90 to 106 °F), except at high elevations. In Djibouti city, for instance, afternoon highs in April typically range from 28 °C (82 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F) in April. Nationally, mean daily minima generally vary between sites from about 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F). The greatest range in climate occurs in eastern Djibouti, where temperatures sometimes surpass 41 °C (106 °F) in July on the littoral plains and fall below freezing point during December in the highlands. In this region, relative humidity ranges from about 40% in the mid-afternoon to 85% at night, changing somewhat according to the season. Djibouti has either a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) or a hot desert climate (BWh), although temperatures are much moderated at the high elevations. On the eastern seaboard, annual rainfall is less than 5 inches (131 mm); in the central highlands, it is about 8 to 16 inches (200 to 400 mm). Although the coastal regions are hot and humid throughout the year, the hinterland is typically hot and dry. The climate conditions are highly variable within the country and vary locally by altitude. Summers are very humid along the coast but dry in the highlands. Heat waves are frequent. Annual precipitation amounts vary greatly from one year to another. In general, rain falls more frequently and extensively in the mountains. Sudden and brutal storms are also known to occur. Wadis turn for a few hours into raging torrents tearing everything in their path, and their course is regularized{{clarify|date=September 2013}}. Rainwater serves as an additional water supply for livestock and plants alongside seasonal watercourses. The highlands have temperate climate throughout out the year. The climate of most lowland zones is arid and semiarid. The climate of the interior shows notable differences from the coastline. Especially when one rises, the temperature is pleasant: it is so in Arta, Randa and Day (where temperatures of 10 ° have been recorded). Climate charts of different locations in Djibouti{{Location map+ | Djibouti | width = | float = right | border = | caption = | alt = | relief = 1 | overlay_image = | places ={{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Djibouti City | label_size = 100 | position = left | background = | mark = | marksize = | link = | lat_deg =11 | lat_min =35 | lat_sec = 18 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 43 | lon_min = 8 | lon_sec = 42 | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Tadjoura | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 47 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 53 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Obock | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 58 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 43 | lon_min = 17 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Ali Sabieh | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 9 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 43 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Dikhil | label_size = 100 | position = left | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 6 | lat_sec = 30 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 22 | lon_sec = 16 | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Arta | label_size = 100 | position = bottom | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 31 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 50 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Dorra | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 12 | lat_min = 9 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 29 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Ali Adde | label_size = 100 | position = bottom | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 7 | lat_sec = 50 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 53 | lon_sec = 36 | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = As Eyla | label_size = 100 | position = bottom | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 00 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 06 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Alaili Dadda | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 12 | lat_min = 25 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 54 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}{{Location map~ | Djibouti | label = Yoboki | label_size = 100 | position = left | lat_deg = 11 | lat_min = 31 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 42 | lon_min = 06 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}}}
Selected elevations of notable locations
Lake Assal is the lowest point in Africa (the second lowest is the Qattara Depression in Northern Egypt). Resources and land useLand use:arable land: 0.1%
Irrigated land: {{convert|10|km²|2|abbr=on}} (2012) Water in DjiboutiWater is becoming a scarce resource in Djibouti due to climate change, which leads to different rainfall patterns as well as to inefficient methods of distribution within the country. Most of Djibouti’s rainfall is in the four months, but over the last 25 years, the Djibouti's Ministry of Environment estimates that rainfall has decreased overall between 5 and 20 percent. It is predicted that in future years, there will be higher temperatures, lower rainfall, and longer droughts, leading to even less access to water. Moreover, seawater intrusion or fossil saltwater contamination of the limited freshwater aquifers due to groundwater overexploitation affect those who live close to the coastline[4]. In recent years, population growth has been increased rapidly with the addition of many refugees. Natural resourcesUnlike much of the Horn of Africa and Middle East which is rich in lucrative crude oil, Djibouti has limited natural resources. These include potential geothermal power, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum. EnvironmentNatural hazards include earthquakes, drought, and occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean, which bring heavy rains, and flash floods. Natural resources include geothermal energy. Inadequate supplies of potable water, limited arable land and desertification are current issues. Djibouti is a party to international agreements on biodiversity, climate change, desertification, endangered species, Law of the Sea, ozone layer protection, ship pollution, and wetlands. CoastlineDjibouti has a coastline which measures about 403 kilometres (250 mi). Much of the coastline is accessible and quite varied in geography and habitats. Inlets
Maritime claims
Human geography{{further|List of cities in Djibouti|Districts of Djibouti}}As of 2015, the population of Djibouti is 846 thousand. For statistical purposes, the country has three areas; Djibouti City (population 529,000), Ali Sabieh (population 55,000), and Dikhil (population 54,000). Djibouti's population is diverse demographically; 60% Somali, 35% Afar, and 3% Arabs. In terms of religion, 94% Muslim, 6% Christian. Extreme pointsThis is a list of the extreme points of Djibouti, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Djibouti|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=April 15, 2015|date=April 16, 2015}} {{Djibouti topics}}{{Geography of Africa}}{{Africa topic|Climate of}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of Djibouti}}Djibouti#GeografiCibuti#Coğrafya2. ^1 Highest Mountains in Djibouti 3. ^{{WWF ecoregion|name=Eritrean coastal desert|id=at1304}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2018|title=Geochemical, multi-isotopic studies and geothermal potential evaluation of the complex Djibouti volcanic aquifer (Republic of Djibouti)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292718302063|journal=Applied Geochemistry|volume=|pages=|doi=10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.07.019|via=}} 2 : Geography of Djibouti|Afrotropic ecozone |
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