“Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary, also known as the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, is in the Mid-Atlantic states of New Jersey and New York on the East Coast of the United States. The system of waterways of the Port of New York and New Jersey forms one of the most intricate natural harbors in the world.^[1]^[2] The harbor opens onto the New York Bight in the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast and Long Island Sound to the northeast.

Although the overall form of the estuary remains unchanged from the time of Giovanni da Verrazzano's visit in 1524, no part of it remains unaffected by human activity, and some parts, such as Hell Gate and Ellis Island, have been almost completely altered. In the greatest hidden change, the navigational channels have been deepened from the natural {{convert|17|ft}} depth to {{convert|45|ft}}, in some places requiring blasting of bedrock.^[3]

There is an extremely complex system of tides and currents. Both the Bight and the Sound are essentially marine bodies with both tides and saltwater, but the Sound compared to the Atlantic is about 20-30% less saline (as an estuary), and the tide is about 3 hours later with as much as 70% more variation. Rivers add a fresher, non-tidal inflow although the tide and brackishness extend well up rivers ^[4] throughout the extended hydrologic system from Albany to Montauk Point to the Hudson Canyon region of the New York Bight. The New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS) utilizes information from sensors, weather forecasts, and environment models to provide real-time forecasts of meteorological and oceanographic conditions in the area.

Since the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 beaches along the shores of the East Coast have been regularly replenished with sand pumped in from off-shore.^[5]^[6] The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) coordinates the projects.^[7]^[8] In 2016 the USACE and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey produced a comprehensive restoration plan for the harbour region, which included proposals to mitigate the effects of sea-level rise through projects to restore natural areas.^[9]

Features of the harbor estuary

The lists below includes features of the Port of New York and New Jersey with a waterborne emphasis, starting with natural features. Where possible the list proceeds from the Lower Bay entrance approximately clockwise around the Harbor. The alternative sorting is by jurisdiction.

Official references are the NOAA Coastal pilot,^[11] NOAA nautical charts,^[12] and USGS topographic maps.^[13]

Rivers and streams

Tidal straits

Bays, inlets and coves

Islands

Bi-state

New Jersey

New York

Land features

Banks and shoals

Navigational channels

Port facilities

One of the many duties of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is to develop trade interests in the New York-New Jersey area. The Port Authority operates most of the containerized port facilities listed here, and also collaborates with the Army Corps of Engineers to maintain shipping channels in the harbor.

New Jersey (numerous privately operated bulk facilities, especially petroleum, are not listed)

Lights and lighthouses

Waterfront jurisdictions

Government and other agencies

State, county, municipal

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/maps/hudson-raritan-estuary/?ar_a=1|title=Hudson-Raritan Estuary|first=National Geographic|last=Society|date=14 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://nctc.fws.gov/pubs5/web_link/text/urb_core.htm|title=Urban Core|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2017}}
3. ^http://www.harborestuary.org/watersweshare/pdfs/CRP/2_Existing_Conditions.pdf
4. ^NOAA Tides and Current web site FAQ page. See discussion of hydraulic currents
5. ^{{cite news | last = Muka | first = Samantha | title = Building Beaches: Beach Nourishment in the United States | publisher = | date = August 11, 2015 | url = http://edgeeffects.net/building-beaches/ | accessdate = 10 April 2017 | quote =New York State has the longest history of nourishment in the country. The first beach nourishment project was the construction and expansion of the shoreline off of Coney Island and Brighton Beach.}}
6. ^{{cite work | last = Seabrook | first = John | title =The Beach Builders | publisher = The New Yorker | date = July 22, 2013 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/07/22/the-beach-builders | accessdate = 18 April 2017}}
7. ^{{cite news | title = NY District Coastal Storm Risk Reduction Projects and Studies Map | publisher = USACE | date = | url = http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/About/Hurricane_Sandy/Coastal-Storm-Risk-Reduction-Projects-and-Studies/ | accessdate = 19 April 2017}}
8. ^{{cite news | last = Anderson | first = Jenny | title = Rebuilding the Coastline, but at What Cost? | publisher = The New York Times | date = May 18, 2013 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/rebuilding-the-coastline-but-at-what-cost.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | accessdate = 19 April 2017}}
9. ^{{cite report | title = Hudson=Raritan Estuary Comprehensive Restoration Plan | publisher = USACE | date = June 1, 2016 | url = http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Portals/37/docs/harbor/Final%20CRP_2016-06-27_v1.0.pdf?ver=2016-06-29-170128-157 | accessdate = 19 April 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/FR-1997-08-29/97-23028|title=62 FR 46142 - Simultaneous De-designation and Termination of the Mud Dump Site and Designation of the Historic Area Remediation Site|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2017}}
11. ^Chapter 11, New York Harbor and Approaches, Coast Pilot 2, 35th Edition, 2006, Office of Coast Survey, NOAA.
12. ^NOAA nautical charts [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224509/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12327.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12327] New York Harbor (1:40,000 scale),[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224518/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12324.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12324] Sandy Hook to Little Egg,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224503/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12350.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12350] Jamaica Bay and Rockaway Inlet,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224402/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12402.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12402],[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224415/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12401.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12401] New York Lower Bay,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224532/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12331.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12331] Raritan Bay and southern part of Arthur Kill,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224542/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12332.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12332] Raritan River,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224712/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12333.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12333] Kill van Kull and northern part of Arthur Kill,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224622/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12334.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12334] New York Harbor (Upper Bay and Narrows,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224632/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12337.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12337],[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224353/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12335.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12335],[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224706/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D:/EyeSpy/images/Online_Chart_Viewer/12338.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= 12338],12341 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224611/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D%3A%2FEyeSpy%2Fimages%2FOnline_Chart_Viewer%2F12341.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= |date=2007-09-26 }},12339 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224449/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D%3A%2FEyeSpy%2Fimages%2FOnline_Chart_Viewer%2F12339.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= |date=2007-09-26 }},12366 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224336/http://205.156.4.52/cgi-bin/EyeSpy.dll?launchpad&D%3A%2FEyeSpy%2Fimages%2FOnline_Chart_Viewer%2F12366.axs&wsx=650&wsy=500&bgcolor=ffffff&aligX=1&aligY= |date=2007-09-26 }} Long Island Sound and East River, found on page Nautical charts Atlantic Coast charts online {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902103509/http://www.nauticalcharts.gov/viewer/AtlanticCoastTable.htm |date=2006-09-02 }}, Office of Coast Survey, NOAA.
13. ^USGS topographic maps, 1:24,000 scale, listed from west to east (in a row), then north to south*Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Mamaroneck;*Orange, Weehawken, Central Park Flushing, Seacliff;*Elizabeth, Jersey City, Brooklyn, Jamaica, Lynbrook;*Perth Amboy, Arthur Kill The Narrows, Coney Island, Far Rockaway;*South Amboy, Keyport, Sandy Hook West, Sandy Hook East.
14. ^Title 33. Navigation and Navigable Waters {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926155206/http://uscode.house.gov/pdf/2001/2001usc33.pdf |date=2006-09-26 }} USC. See Section 59.
15. ^¹²All of the landfill portion of Ellis Island beyond its 1834 waterfront is in Hudson County, NJ. All water surrounding Liberty and Ellis Islands is in Hudson County.
16. ^{{cite web| title = Intent to Prepare a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the New York and New Jersey Harbor Navigation Study: Feasibility Phase| work = Federal Register Volume 63| publisher = Government Printing Office| date = March 24, 1998| url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1998-03-24/html/98-7621.htm| accessdate = 2014-08-31}}
17. ^Reports of Channel Conditions {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029150753/http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/business/buslinks/navig/cntldpth/anchorage.pdf |date=2008-10-29 }}, USACE, Nov. 2004: "Partial Anchorage Channel: Starts approximately 3,990 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2; Ends approximately 1,660 Ft. landward of Red Light & Bell #21. Authorized project: Width: 2000 ft, Length: 2.34 nmiles, Depth 45 ft.... Shoaling exists and begins approximately 2,230 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2 and proceeds landward with a length of approximately 600 Ft. and a width of approximately 60 Ft."
18. ^Hearing Notice for Department of the Army Corps of Engineers, N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation 21/1/2004.
19. ^Simplified map Bayonne Peninsula Chap. 6, CPIP Toolkit, PANYNJ.
20. ^Inventory of Historic Light Stations: New Jersey Lighthouses and Inventory of Historic Light Stations: New York Lighthouses NPS lists.
21. ^New York Lighthouses and New York Lighthouses Lighthouse Friends 2001-2005.
22. ^Boundaries extend to mid-Hudson on the west, into the Upper Harbor south of Governors Island, to the far pierhead line of the East River, Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil. The exceptions are the additional areas of Marble Hill section included north of the Harlem River (bounded approximately by Johnson Avenue, West 230 Street) and Liberty and Ellis Islands to their original 1834 waterfront. River