| 词条 | 2010 Bosnian general election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Bosnia and Herzegovina general election, 2010 | country = Bosnia and Herzegovina | type = parliamentary | ongoing = no | previous_election = Bosnia and Herzegovina general election, 2006 | previous_year = 2006 | next_election = Bosnia and Herzegovina general election, 2014 | next_year = 2014 | seats_for_election = | majority_seats = | election_date = 3 October 2010 | opinion_polls = | image1 = | leader1 = Zlatko Lagumdžija | party1 = Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina | leader_since1 = 1997 | leaders_seat1 = FBiH-3 | last_election1 = 5 | seats_before1 = 5 | seats1 = 8 | seat_change1 = {{increase}} 3 | popular_vote1 = 284,435 | percentage1 = | image2 = | leader2 = Milorad Dodik | party2 = Alliance of Independent Social Democrats | leader_since2 = 1996 | leaders_seat2 = Did not stand | last_election2 = 7 | seats_before2 = 7 | seats2 = 8 | seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1 | popular_vote2 = 277,819 | percentage2 = | image3 = | leader3 = Sulejman Tihić | party3 = Party of Democratic Action | leader_since3 = 2001 | leaders_seat3 = Did not stand | last_election3 = 9 | seats_before3 = 9 | seats3 = 7 | seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 2 | popular_vote3 = 214,300 | percentage3 = | image4 = | leader4 = Mladen Bosić | party4 = Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina) | leader_since4 = 2006 | leaders_seat4 = RS-2 | last_election4 = 3 | seats_before4 = 3 | seats4 = 4 | seat_change4 = {{increase}} 1 | popular_vote4 = 137,844 | percentage4 = | image5 = | leader5 = Fahrudin Radončić | party5 = Union for a Better Future of BiH | leader_since5 = 2009 | leaders_seat5 = Presidency (Bosniaks) | last_election5 = New | seats_before5 = New | seats5 = 4 | seat_change5 = New | popular_vote5 = 130,448 | percentage5 = | image6 = | leader6 = Dragan Čović | party6 = Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina | leader_since6 = 2005 | leaders_seat6 = FBiH-2 | last_election6 = 3 | seats_before6 = 3 | seats6 = 3 | seat_change6 = {{steady}} | popular_vote6 = 114,476 | percentage6 = | map_image = Bosnia and Herzegovina, parliamentary election, 2010.png | map_size = | map_caption = Colours denote the party with the most votes by municipalities | title = Chairman | before_election = Nikola Špirić | before_party = Alliance of Independent Social Democrats | after_election = Vjekoslav Bevanda | after_party = Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina }}{{Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} General elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 3 October 2010 for both the Federal government and the two entities.[1]Voters elected 42 deputies to the State House of Representatives.[2] In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), 98 deputies to its House of Representatives, two representatives (one Bosniak, one Croat) to the tripartite state presidency and ten cantonal assemblies were elected.[2] In Republika Srpska (RS), 83 deputies to its National Assembly, the Serb representative of the tripartite state presidency, one RS president and two RS vice-presidents were elected.[2] There were 39 political parties, 11 coalitions, and 13 independent candidates.[5] BackgroundAfter the Bosnian War and the Dayton Accords that ended the war, the constitution set out, in Article V, a tripartite rotational presidency between the Bosniak, Croat and Serb entities. Each president serves a four-year term, with the chairman of the presidential council rotation every 8 months, with the first president being the one with most votes in the election.[2] CandidatesPresidencyThere were three candidates for the Bosniak member of the Presidency: the incumbent Haris Silajdžić, of Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina, the owner of Dnevni Avaz Fahrudin Radončić, of Union for a Better Future of BiH and Bakir Izetbegović of the Party of Democratic Action and the son of Alija Izetbegović, the founding president of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3] The Croat candidate was: incumbent Željko Komšić from Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who was elected in 2006 when large numbers of Bosniaks voted for him rather than voting for a Bosniak candidate.[3] The Serb candidate was: incumbent Nebojša Radmanović of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, who was expected to win.[3] CampaignFollowing the International Court of Justice's opinion that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate international law Republika Srpska's Prime Minister Milorad Dodik said there would be repercussions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and that the issue would be discussed in depth after the elections.[4] During his campaign Dodik reiterated support for the secession of Republika Srpska from Bosnia and Herzegovina and denied that the massacre in Srebrenica constituted a genocide.[5] Boris Tadić, president of Serbia, expressed his support for Dodik, Tadić stated that he was "here to support my friends who run RS in the best possible way".[6][7] He was later criticised by the SDA for supporting "a man who openly denies genocide in Srebrenica and calls for secession of Republika Srpska."[6] The Croat and Bosniak candidates were "strong supporters of a unified Bosnia," while Serb candidate advocated the separation of the Bosnian Serbs entity from the rest of the country.[8] Dodik asserted that "Only the Serb Republic is self-sustaining, Bosnia-Herzegovina is not." He had a "strategic partnership" with the Croat nationalist Dragan Čović to support each other's calls for greater independence or autonomy as the Croatian side advocated. The Bosniaks, however, said would fight for a united Bosnia, and sought a stronger federal government - a key condition for European Union membership.[9] These polls were described as the most crucial since the civil war as a lot of campaigning focused on ethnic nationalism and voting for candidates of the same ethnicity. One political analyst, compared this campaign to that of 1990, before the partition of Yugoslavia, when Bosnia had the choice of becoming a part of greater Serbia or an independent multi-ethnic country pointed out that "for exactly 20 years we have been spinning around in the same political pattern."[2] The official campaign started on 3 September, and lasted for next 30 days. Hate speech in the election campaign in BiH has become a normal occurrence. Because of that, Central Election Commission announced that they will not tolerate any form of hate speech.[10] Nervousness of political parties was manifested through the violation of the Election Law of BiH,[10] and particularly through the manipulation of so-called public opinion research and publication in the form of paid advertising. The first phase of the media war waged mainly through portals and news releases. The campaign was significant because politicians were allowed to "use all their weapons" in publicity. Experts stated that this campaign was something new in Bosnia and Herzegovina because it was creative as opposed to the earlier campaigns.[10]
Opinion pollsOpinion polls suggested Dodik's "Alliance of Independent Social Democrats" would remain the largest Serb party, as well as the country as a whole. The "Social Democratic Party" of Zlatko Lagumdžija would be the largest party in the federation, followed by the "Party of Democratic Action."[9] An analyst at the "Why not?" NGO in Sarajevo suggested the elections importance was because "change will finally happen [...] because the ones who are in power now have proved they are not capable of leading the country and bringing the necessary reforms. Civil society has been very active about these elections and we hope this will have an impact." She said that if there were changes in the establishment ethnic relations would not be as tense.[9] An August 2010 survey of 2,000 respondents by the National Democratic Institute. suggested that voters on both sides are tired of nationalist rhetoric and pessimistic about the future of Bosnia.[11] 87 percent felt that nationalist parties are leading the country in the wrong direction.[11] Respondents said politicians discussed nationalist issues too much, while employment and economic issues were not discussed enough.[11] They thought that the biggest issue was unemployment, followed by corruption and crime.[11] ResultsIn total, 3,126,599 citizens registered to vote.[12] There were 5,276 polling centres: 4,981 regular, 145 for voting in absentia, 143 for voting in person and 7 at Bosnian embassies abroad.[13] There were also 1,200 observers, including 485 international observers.[9] The Central Electoral Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina ordered a recount of 66,138 votes that were declared void.[14] This could change the victory of Nebojša Radmanović, candidate of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), who won the Serb seat of the central presidency by a narrow margin of 9,697.[14] Mladen Ivanić of the Party of Democratic Progress (PDP) lost by less than two percent.[14] Presidency{{multiple image| align = right | direction = vertical | header = | width = 200 | image1 = Federation Pres Election2010.PNG | caption1 = Relative majority by municipality for presidential election in the Federation. {{legend|#f4d7d7|Komšić}} {{legend|#000080|Krišto}} {{legend|#008000|Izetbegović}} {{legend|#ff8040|Đedović}} {{legend|#00ff00|Radončić}} | image2 = | caption2 = Municipalities with Croatian majority in BiH. Although Krišto won majority of Croat votes while Komšić won very few Croat votes, thanks to Bosniak votes, Komšić still became Croat member of the Presidency.[33][15] }}
House of Representatives
Elected MPs
House of PeoplesThe 15 members of the House of Peoples was elected following the elections by the parliaments of the two entities – 10 members by the House of Representatives of the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (5 Bosniaks and 5 Croats); and 5 members by the National Assembly of the Republika Srpska. Federation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaIn the Federation this includes:
House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and HerzegovinaOnly parties which have won mandates are listed:
Source - Central Electoral Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina Canton Parliaments{{cleanup|section|date=December 2010}}All 289 seats in the assemblies of the cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were up for election (Bosnian: skupština kantona, Croatian: sabor županije, Serbian Cyrillic: скупштина кантона).
Source - Central Electoral Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina
ReactionsŠtefan Füle, European commissioner for enlargement and neighbourhood policy, urged Bosnian politicians to speed up the establishment of State and Entity governments using the EU agenda as a negotiation base for coalition building. Füle underlined the need for constitutional amendments to ensure compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and improve governance, for a new Census Law to provide reliable statistical data, and for the establishment of an independent state aid authority.[35]The US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Bosnia and Herzegovina a week after the elections in an effort to push for political reforms to fully integration the entry into both the European Union and NATO. She also called for unity and criticised threats of secession of Srpska made by Milorad Dodik.[16] A US diplomat in Europe said he thought the reforms are necessary and that "the Bosnians need to follow up. The rest of the region is moving towards Europe, and Bosnia is going to have to overcome these ethnic divisions [...] if they want to go down this path."[17] In the international media, the election was read as seeing the country "still mired in political deadlock and ethnic rivalry," because of a continued political stalemate that leaves the unique tripartite presidency split over the future of the country. This also meant a likelihood of a delayed economic recovery and the accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union.[18] AnalysisMany officials of the Croatian Democratic Union party have claimed that the re-election of Željko Komšić (SDP) as the Croat member of the presidency was due to Bosniaks choosing to vote on the Croat list.[19][20][21] Bulk of the votes Komšić received came from predominantly Bosniak areas and he fared quite poorly in Croat municipalities, supported by less than 2,5% of the electorate in a number of municipalities in Western Herzegovina, such as Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški (0,8%), Čitluk, Posušje and Tomislavgrad, while not being able to gain not even 10% in a number of others.[22] Furthermore, total Croat population in whole of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is estimated around 495,000;[23] Komšić received 336,961 votes alone, while all other Croat candidates won 230,000 votes altogether. Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina consider him to be an illegitimate representative and generally treat him as a second Bosniak member of the presidency.[24][25][26][27] This raised frustration among Croats, undermined their trust in federal institutions and empowered claims for their own entity or a federal unit, while opening so-called "Croatian question".[28] The Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina of Zlatko Lagumdzija appeared to be the biggest winner of the election, while the Party of Democratic Action contained their expected losses, while the Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina of Haris Silajdzic lost ground. The Party of Independent Social Democrats of Milorad Dodik strengthened its presence in both Republika Srpska and at state level. None of the newly established parties, with the exception of Fahrudin Radončić's Union for a Better Future of BiH were able to pass the threshold and gain seats in either of the parliamentary bodies.[29] Two blocs can therefore be noticed at state level: the Party of Independent Social Democrats|SNSD and Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina on one side and the Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Party of Democratic Action on the other. The negotiations to form a new government at both Federation and State level are expected to take some time.[29] In Republika Srpska Dodik secured a stable majority, and his election as Entity President will likely signal a trend of presidentialisation of Srpska's political system, in line with what happened in Serbia after Tadic's presidential election.[29]{{clarify|date=December 2010}} Aftermath{{See also|2010–2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina government formation}}At the federal level, the formation of government is currently ongoing. There are two major coalitions which have been formed since the election: Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Party of Democratic Action, Croatian Party of Rights and People's Party Work for Betterment; and a looser grouping of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party, Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatian Democratic Union-1990.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} Neither group has a parliamentary majority, nor do they have full representation from the three constitutional peoples.{{Original research inline|date=December 2010}} See also
References1. ^{{cite news|title=BiH to hold general elections on October 3rd|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2010/05/06/nb-01|newspaper=SETimes|date=6 May 2010}} 2. ^1 {{cite news|title=Bosnians vote in crucial elections |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/europe/2010/10/201010343020353736.html|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=3 October 2010}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=News Analysis: Few surprises expected in Bosnian general elections|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/03/c_13540447.htm|newspaper=Xinhua|date=3 October 2010}} 4. ^{{cite news|title=RS: ICJ decision and secession|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=07&dd=25&nav_id=68674|newspaper=B92|date=25 July 2010}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Nationalism High, Hopes Low In Bosnia Election |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Nationalism_High_Hopes_Low_Bosnia_Election/2173944.html|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=1 October 2010}} 6. ^1 {{cite news|last=Arslanagic|first=Sabina|title=Serbian President Publicly Backs Dodik Campaign|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbia-s-president-throws-his-weight-behind-divisive-election-campaign-of-milorad-dodik|newspaper=Balkan Insight|date=30 September 2010}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=Tadic supports SNSD candidates ahead of elections in BiH|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Bilteni/Engleski/b300910_e.html|newspaper=Tanjug|date=30 September 2010}} 8. ^{{cite news|last=Cerkez|first=Aida|title=Preliminary results show Bosnians divided on vote|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hrQomuCYQaEhLuIz-Ojwgm-GFAOwD9IKGEG80?docId=D9IKGEG80|newspaper=Associated Press|date=3 October 2010}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Polls close in Bosnia election |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/europe/2010/10/2010103175318533811.html|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=3 October 2010}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite book | last=Tomić | first= Zoran | title=Izborna kampanja u BiH: kako dobiti nešto za ništa | url=http://www.izbori2010.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=865:izborna-kampanja-u-bih-kako-dobiti-neto-za-nita&catid=38:kolumne&Itemid=61 | year=2010 }} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Public Opinion Poll Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) August 2010|url=http://www.ndi.org/files/NDI_Bosnia_Poll_Report_August_2010.pdf|publisher=National Democratic Institute|accessdate=27 August 2010}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=INTERIM REPORT No.1 26 August – 13 September 2010|url=http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2010/08/46173_en.pdf|publisher=OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights|date=21 September 2010}} 13. ^1 {{cite web|title=2010 GENERAL ELECTIONS|url=http://www.izbori.ba/documents/ENG/General_Election_2010/MainInformation2010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026093701/http://www.izbori.ba/documents/ENG/General_Election_2010/MainInformation2010.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2010-10-26|publisher=Central Electoral Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Bosnia: Ballot Recount Could Change Race for Top Post|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-s-election-commission-orders-recount-of-void-votes|newspaper=Balkan Insight|date=21 October 2010}} 15. ^International Crisis Group: Bosnia’s Future Europe, Report N°232, 10 July 2014 16. ^{{cite news|title=Troubleshooting in the western Balkans: Outsiders needed|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17259037?story_id=17259037|newspaper=The Economist|date=14 October 2010}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Clinton calls for reforms in Bosnia|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/10/2010101254353906463.html|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=12 October 2010}} 18. ^{{cite news|last=Shaikh|first=Thair|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina still divided 15 years after war|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/10/05/bosnia.elections.mostar/|newspaper=CNN|date=7 October 2010}} 19. ^{{cite news|title=Prvi službeni rezultati BiH izbora: u Predsjedništvu Izetbegović, Radmanović i Komšić|url=http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/BiH/tabid/68/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/117348/Default.aspx|newspaper=Slobodna Dalmacija|date=3 October 2010}} 20. ^{{cite news|title=Bosnia Polls Results: Bosniaks Vote for Change|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosniaks-vote-for-change-serbs-and-croats-remain-loyal-to-nationalists|newspaper=Balkan Insight|date=4 October 2010}} 21. ^{{cite news|title=Nadmoć SNSD u RS, težak poraz Silajdžića |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Republika-Srpska/210297/Nadmoc-SNSD-u-RS-tezak-poraz-Silajdzica|newspaper=Blic|date=5 October 2010}} 22. ^Central Electorate Commission, results in municipalities, 2010 23. ^U BiH ima 48,4 posto Bošnjaka, 32,7 posto Srba i 14, 6 posto Hrvata (Article on the preliminary report of 2013 census) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731034607/http://www.avaz.ba/vijesti/teme/u-bih-ima-484-posto-bosnjaka-327-posto-srba-i-14-6-posto-hrvata |date=31 July 2014 }} 24. ^International Crisis Group: Bosnia’s Future Europe, Report N°232, 10 July 2014 25. ^{{cite news|title=Bosnia: From the Killing Fields to the Ballot Box|last=Vogel|first=T. K.|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?storyid=5684|publisher=The Globalist|date=9 October 2006|accessdate=30 July 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010141934/http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=5684|archivedate=10 October 2009|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{cite news|title=Nije točno da Hrvati nisu glasali za Željka Komšića, u Grudama je dobio 124 glasa |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/izbori-u-bih--nije-tocno-da-hrvati-nisu-glasali-za-zeljka-komsica--u-grudama-je-dobio-124-glasa-/893048/ |last=Pavić |first=Snježana |newspaper=Jutarnji list |date=8 October 2010 |language=Croatian |accessdate=6 April 2013}} 27. ^{{cite news |title=Reforma Federacije uvod je u reformu izbornog procesa |url=http://www.dnevno.ba/vijesti/bih/83174-reforma-federacije-uvod-je-u-reformu-izbornog-procesa.html |publisher=Dnevno |date=13 May 2013 |language=Croatian |accessdate=13 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204112852/http://www.dnevno.ba/vijesti/bih/83174-reforma-federacije-uvod-je-u-reformu-izbornog-procesa.html |archivedate=4 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 28. ^1 Luka Oreskovic: [https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/30/doing_away_with_et_cetera "Doing Away with Et Cetera"], Foreign Policy. 30 October 2013 29. ^1 2 3 [https://web.archive.org/web/20101208031723/http://waz.euobserver.com/887/31430 EU Observer], 6 December 2010 External links
4 : Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina|2010 elections in Europe|2010 in Bosnia and Herzegovina|October 2010 events in Europe |
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