| 词条 | Georges Ruggiu |
| 释义 |
| name = Georges Ruggiu | image = Georges Ruggiu 2000.png | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|10|12}} | birth_place = Verviers, Belgium | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Radio presenter (animateur), journalist | spouse = | parents = | children = }}Georges Henri Yvon Joseph Ruggiu (born October 12, 1957 in Verviers, Belgium) was a presenter on the Rwandan radio station Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, which played a significant role in promoting the Rwandan Genocide.[1] Like the station's other broadcasters, Ruggiu incited violence against Tutsi and moderate Hutu over the air. Ruggiu eventually pleaded guilty to charges of incitement to commit genocide and in 2000 was sentenced to 12 years in prison by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. An Italian-Belgian who became involved in Rwandan politics two years before the genocide, Ruggiu was the only non-Rwandan charged with involvement in the genocide.[2][3][4] Life in BelgiumRuggiu's mother was a Belgian teacher, his father an Italian fireman.[2] Until the age of 35 he lived at home[3] and worked in Verviers, first as "a counsellor for young drug addicts and then as a teacher for mentally handicapped children."[2] In 1992 he moved to the city of Liège, commuting to Brussels to work in a social security office.[2] In Liège he "befriended a Rwandan Hutu, was drawn into the Rwandan expatriate community and was soon seen in the company of Rwandan diplomats and officials of President Juvenal Habyarimana's, party, the MRND."[3] He began visiting Rwanda[2] and moved there in 1993. Participation in genocideFrom January to July 1994, prior to and during the genocide, Ruggiu worked in Kigali, Rwanda as a journalist and producer for Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM). Ruggiu had no experience in journalism and did not speak Kinyarwanda.[2][4] RTLM was one of the chief sources of extremist Hutu propaganda, broadcasting twenty-four hours a day and openly exhorting its audience to kill Tutsis and "disloyal" Hutus. Ruggiu personally wrote and broadcast much content of this nature, relentlessly egging on his listeners that the "graves were waiting to be filled".[2] Ruggiu personally broadcast programs inciting Hutus to commit murder or serious attacks against Tutsi rebels, whom he called "cockroaches".[5] He also encouraged persecution of these Tutsi, and moderate Hutu and Belgian citizens in the area.[1] Airtime filled by Ruggiu accounted for approximately 8% of RTLM's broadcasts.[6] Although some of his defenders have suggested that Ruggiu did not know exactly what was going on around him in Rwanda, this opinion is sharply disputed by Rwandan Genocide scholar Alison des Forges: "It is beyond belief that Ruggiu did not know [what was going on]... The tone of Mille Collines became more and more violent and witnesses say Ruggiu was living at the army barracks in Kigali and eating in the mess. He was hanging out with those that did the killing."[2] Capture, trial, and sentencingAfter the genocide Ruggiu fled to refugee camps in Zaire and Tanzania and then to Kenya, where he converted to Islam and adopted the name Omar. He "joined a Somali Muslim community in Mombasa"[2] and was "on the verge of fleeing to Iraq" when he was arrested by Kenyan police in 1997.[3] On July 23, 1997, Ruggiu was arrested in Mombasa at the request of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and moved to the site of the tribunal in Arusha, Tanzania.[1] Ruggiu was charged with "direct and public incitement to commit genocide" and "crimes against humanity (persecution)".[7] During his three-year-long trial, Ruggiu expressed regret for his part in events, saying, "I admit that it was indeed a genocide and that unfortunately I took part in it."[8] Ruggiu acknowledged his role in the genocide, admitting that he:{{cquote|... incited murders and caused serious attacks on the physical and/or mental well-being of members of the Tutsi population with the intention of destroying, in whole or in part, an ethnic or racial group.[9]}}He accepted responsibility for his actions, stating "certain people were killed in Rwanda in 1994 and that I was responsible and culpable."[8] Ruggiu detailed the inner workings of Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, stating the radio station was used to convey "the ideology and plans of Hutu extremists in Rwanda."[9] On May 15, 2000, Ruggiu pleaded guilty to both charges of indictment, and was sentenced to twelve years in prison by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for incitement to commit genocide.[10] He received a relatively short sentence, after agreeing to testify against three suspects who allegedly used the media, most notably RTLM, to fuel the genocide in Rwanda.[11] Rwanda protested the sentence as inadequate.[8] In February 2008, Ruggiu was flown to Italy to serve out the rest of his 12-year sentence in his country of citizenship.[12] On 21 April 2009, Ruggiu was granted early release by the Italian authorities,[13] a violation of the ICTR Statute. References{{wikiquote}}1. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Trial Watch: Georges Ruggiu |publisher=TRIAL |author= |date=25 April 2006 |url=http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/georges_ruggiu_195.html |accessdate=2007-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201144052/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/georges_ruggiu_195.html |archivedate=2006-12-01 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-voice-of-terror-716004.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=The voice of terror | date=2000-05-30 | accessdate=2010-05-03}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/02/ewenmacaskill.ianblack | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Broadcaster jailed for inciting genocide | first=Ian | last=Black | date=2000-06-02 | accessdate=2010-05-03}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.idrc.ca/rwandagenocide/ev-108188-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327132159/http://www.idrc.ca/rwandagenocide/ev-108188-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html |archivedate=2008-03-27 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web | title = Rwanda 2000: Country report | publisher = Committee to Protect Journalists | author = | date = | url = http://www.cpj.org/attacks00/africa00/Rwanda.html | accessdate = 2007-03-07 }} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Allan (Ed.) |authorlink= |title=Kimani, Mary: RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder. In "The Media and the Rwanda Genocide" |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |accessdate=19 March 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |location= |isbn=0-74532-625-0 |page=116 }} 7. ^{{cite web | title = Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Summary of judgments against the accused | publisher = Human Rights Watch | author = |date=February 2004 | url = http://hrw.org/reports/2004/ij/ictr/1.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-07 }} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news | title = Rwanda protests at 'lenient' sentence | publisher = BBC News | author = | date = 1 June 2000 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/772607.stm | accessdate = 2007-03-07 }} 9. ^1 2 {{cite news | title = 'Hate radio' journalist confesses | publisher = BBC News | author = | date = 15 May 2000 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/749079.stm | accessdate = 2007-03-07 }} 10. ^{{cite web |title = ICTR - Georges Ruggiu, journalist |publisher = Fondation Hirondelle |author = |date = 17 June 2000 |url = http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/c319ac23033fce1ac1256721007ae237?OpenDocument |accessdate = 2007-03-07 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226231414/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/c319ac23033fce1ac1256721007ae237?OpenDocument |archivedate = 26 February 2009 |df = }} 11. ^{{cite web |title = Convicted ex-radio presenter has mental problems, defence suggests |publisher = Fondation Hirondelle |author = |date = 5 March 2002 |url = http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/c319ac23033fce1ac1256721007ae237?OpenDocument |accessdate = 2007-03-07 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226231414/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/c319ac23033fce1ac1256721007ae237?OpenDocument |archivedate = 26 February 2009 |df = }} 12. ^1 {{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7268739.stm |title = Italian Rwanda convict flown home | publisher = BBC News |date = 28 February 2008 |accessdate = 2008-03-01}} 13. ^[https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/georges-ruggiu/ TRIAL International: Georges Ruggiu] External links
12 : 1957 births|Living people|People from Verviers|20th-century Belgian criminals|21st-century Belgian criminals|Belgian Muslims|Belgian people of Italian descent|People convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|Belgian propagandists|Converts to Islam|Italian people convicted of genocide|Prisoners and detainees of Italy |
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