| 词条 | George W. De Long |
| 释义 |
|width_style = person |name = George W. De Long |image = GeorgeWashingtonDeLong (cropped).jpg |image_upright = 1.1 |caption = Captain De Long in 1879 |birth_name = {{nowr|George Francis De Long}} |birth_date = {{dob|df=y|1844|08|22}} |birth_place = New York City, U.S. |death_date = {{circa}} {{dda|df=y|1881|10|31|1844|08|22}} |death_place = Yakutia, Siberia, Russia |placeofburial = Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx |allegiance = {{flagcountry|USA|1878}} |branch = {{naval|USA|1878}}|branch_label=Branch |serviceyears = 1865–1881|serviceyears_label=Service years |rank = Lieutenant Commander |battles_label = Expeditions |battles = Jeannette Expedition }} George Washington De Long (22 August 1844 – {{circa|31 October 1881}}) was an American Navy officer and explorer who led the ill-fated Jeannette Expedition of 1879–1881, in search of the Open Polar Sea. BiographyBorn in New York City, he was educated at the United States Naval Academy and graduated in 1865. Jeannette ExpeditionIn 1879, backed by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.—owner of the New York Herald—and under the auspices of the US Navy, Lieutenant Commander De Long sailed from San Francisco on the ship {{USS|Jeannette|1878|6}} with a plan to find a way to the North Pole via the Bering Strait.{{sfn|Sides|2015|p=}} As well as collecting scientific data and animal specimens, De Long discovered three islands and claimed them for the U.S. in the summer of 1881.{{sfn|Sides|2015|p=}} The U.S. government did not endorse this claim; as such the islands are under Russian jurisdiction. The ship became trapped in the ice pack in the Chukchi Sea northeast of Wrangel Island in September 1879. It drifted in the ice pack in a northwesterly direction until it was crushed in the shifting ice and sank on {{nowr|12 June 1881}}, in the East Siberian Sea. De Long and his crew then traversed the ice pack to try to reach Siberia pulling three small boats. After reaching open water on September 11 they became separated and one boat—commanded by Executive Officer Charles W. Chipp—was lost; no trace of it was ever found. De Long's own boat reached land, but only two men sent ahead for aid survived. The third boat, under the command of Chief Engineer George W. Melville, reached the Lena Delta and its crew were rescued.{{sfn|Sides|2015|p=}} Death in SiberiaDe Long died of starvation near Matvay Hut, Yakutia. Melville returned a few months later and found the bodies of De Long and his boat crew. Overall, the doomed voyage took the lives of twenty expedition members, as well as additional men lost during the search operations.{{sfn|Sides|2015|p=}} De Long's death (and that of the other men) was assumed to have occurred at or about the end of October. LegacyIn 1890, the officers and men of the U.S. Navy dedicated the Jeannette Monument, a granite-and-marble monument designed by George Partridge Colvocoresses—a cross with carved icicles hanging from it that sits atop a cairn. The {{convert|24|ft|m|sing=on}}-high structure is in the U.S. Naval Academy Cemetery overlooking the Severn River. Three U.S. Navy ships have been named {{USS|DeLong}}. In addition to the De Long Islands, the De Long Mountains in northwest Alaska and the De Long Fjord in Greenland bear his name. FootnotesBibliography
|last = Danenhower |first = J. W. |authorlink = John Wilson Danenhower |year = 1882 |title = Lieutenant Danenhower's Narrative of the Jeannette |url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001271670 |location = Boston |publisher = James R. Osgood & Co. |isbn = 9781293958391 |ref = harv }}
|last = De Long |first = E. W. |year = 1938 |title = Explorer's Wife |url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001271699 |others = Introduction by Vilhjalmur Stefansson |location = New York |publisher = Dodd, Mead & Co. |isbn = 9781406764482 |ref = harv }}
|last = De Long |first = G. W. |year = 1884 |title = The Voyage of the Jeannette: The Ship and Ice Journals of George W. De Long |url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001271669 |location = Boston |publisher = Houghton Mifflin |isbn = 9781108050197 |ref = harv }}
|last = Ellsberg |first = E. |authorlink = Edward Ellsberg |year = 1938 |title = Hell on Ice: the Saga of the Jeannette |url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001271673 |location = New York |publisher = Dodd, Mead & Co. |isbn = 9781530797615 |ref = harv }}
|last = Guttridge |first = G. F. |year = 1986 |title = Icebound: the Jeannette Expedition's quest for the North Pole |url = {{google books|HRKzAAAAIAAJ|plainurl=y}} |location = Annapolis |publisher = Naval Institute Press |isbn = 9780870213304 |ref = harv }}
|last = Melville |first = G. W. |authorlink = George W. Melville |year = 1885 |title = In the Lena Delta: A Narrative |url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009367573 |location = London |publisher = Longmans, Green & Co. |isbn = 9781290871273 |ref = harv }}
|last = Muir |first = J. |authorlink = John Muir |year = 1917 |title = The Cruise of the Corwin: Journal of the Arctic Expedition of 1881 |url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001271699 |location = Boston |publisher = Houghton Mifflin |isbn = 9781941821114 |ref = harv }}
|last = Robinson |first = M. F. |year = 2006 |title = The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture |url = {{google books|hnMxtAEACAAJ|plainurl=y}}} |publisher = University of Chicago Press |isbn = 9780226721842 |ref = harv }}
|last = Sides |first = H. |authorlink = Hampton Sides |year = 2015 |title = In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the U.S.S. Jeannette |url = {{google books|-VAQBwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}}} |location = London |publisher = Oneworld |isbn = 9781780745213 |ref = harv }}{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:De Long, George W.}} 8 : 1844 births|1881 deaths|American explorers|Deaths by starvation|Explorers of the Arctic|Shipwreck survivors|United States Naval Academy alumni|United States Navy officers |
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