| 词条 | George Wishart |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = | honorific_suffix = | image = GeorgeWishart2.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = c. 1513 | birth_place = Kincardineshire, Scotland | baptised = | death_date = 1 March 1546 | death_place = St Andrews, Scotland | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = University of Leuven Corpus Christi College, Cambridge | occupation = Preacher | years_active = | era = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | home_town = | movement = | boards = | religion = | denomination = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} George Wishart (c. 1513 – 1 March 1546) was a Scottish Protestant Reformer and one of the early Protestant martyrs burned at the stake as a heretic. LifeHe belonged to a younger branch of the Wisharts of Pitarrow near Fordoun, Kincardineshire. His mother was Elizabeth, sister of Sir James Learmonth, married James Wishart of Pitarrow in April 1512. He was probably called George after his maternal grandfather of granduncle Prior George Leirmont, the name was certainly derived from his mother‘s family. George’s father, James Wishart, died in May 1525, therefore, his mother, Eliyabeth together with her brother, Sir James Learmont of Balcomie, were the two people who were responsible for George’s upbringing.[1] He may have graduated M.A., probably at King's College, Aberdeen, and was certainly a student at the University of Leuven, from which he graduated in 1531. He taught the New Testament in Greek as schoolmaster at Montrose in Angus, until investigated for heresy by the Bishop of Brechin in 1538. He fled to England, where a similar charge was brought against him at Bristol in the following year by Thomas Cromwell. Under examination by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer he recanted some utterances. In 1539 or 1540 he may have visited Germany and Switzerland, but by 1542 he had entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he studied and taught.[2] In 1543 he returned to Scotland, in the train of a Scottish embassy which had come to London to consider the treaty of marriage between Prince Edward (later Edward VI of England) and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots. He returned to Montrose, where again he taught Scripture. He may have been the "Scottish man called Wishart" acting as a messenger to England for Alexander Crichton of Brunstane in a 1544 plot against Cardinal David Beaton. Some historians such as Alphons Bellesheim and Richard Watson Dixon have accepted this identification; others are sceptical. Other possibilities include a George Wishart, Baillie of Dundee, who allied himself with Beaton's murderers; and Sir John Wishart (d. 1576), afterwards a Scottish judge. His career as an itinerant preacher began in 1544, from when he traveled Scotland from east to west. The story has been told by his disciple John Knox. He went from place to place, in danger of his life, denouncing the errors of the Papacy and the abuses in the churches of Montrose, Dundee (where he escaped an attempt on his life), Ayr, Perth, Edinburgh, Leith, Haddington (where Knox accompanied him) and elsewhere. At Ormiston in East Lothian, in January 1546, he was seized by Lord Bothwell on the orders of Cardinal Beaton, taken to Elphinstone Castle, and transferred by order of the privy council to Edinburgh castle on 19 January 1546. Thence he was handed over to Beaton, who had a "show trial", with John Lauder prosecuting Wishart. He was hanged on a gibbet and his body burned[3] at St Andrews on 1 March 1546. Foxe and Knox attribute to him a prophecy of the death of the Cardinal, who was assassinated on 29 May following, partly in revenge for Wishart's death. Wishart's preaching in 1544–45 helped popularize the teachings of Calvin and Zwingli in Scotland. He translated into English the first Helvetic Confession of Faith in 1536. At his trial he refused to accept that confession was a sacrament, denied free will, recognized the priesthood of all believing Christians, and rejected the notion that the infinite God could be "comprehended in one place" between "the priest's hands". He proclaimed that the true Church was where the Word of God was faithfully preached and the two dominical sacraments rightly administered. MemorialsThe Martyrs Memorial at St Andrews was erected to the honour of George Wishart, Patrick Hamilton, and other martyrs of the Reformation era. There is a house at Saint Kentigern College in Auckland, New Zealand, named after him.[4] Dundee's East Port (also known as Cowgate Port), the remains of a gateway in the town's walls, is known as the Wishart Arch. The Arch is the only surviving portion of the town's walls, and probably survived owing to a story that George Wishart preached from it in 1544 to plague victims. However this story has been described as 'probably-mythical' and the structure is thought to have been built around 1590, long after Wishart's death.[5] Wishart was also commemorated in Dundee with a United Presbyterian church being named after him. Wishart church was built in Dundee' Cowgate in 1841 and could seat over 700 people. It was this church that the missionary Mary Slessor was a member of when she lived in Dundee. It was renamed Wishart Memorial Church in 1901, a year after it had become part of the United Free Church of Scotland, and 1929 became part of the Church of Scotland. In 1975 the church congregation was united with Dundee church and the building was sold to Dundee Cyrenians who turned it into a hostel for people with alcohol problems called the Wishart Centre.[6]See also
References1. ^The life of George Wishart by C. Rogers, London, 1876 2. ^{{acad|id=WSRT538G|name=Wishart, George}} 3. ^[https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2793816 John Knox. Historie of the Reformatioun of Scotland] 4. ^{{cite web|title=Pastoral Care: Houses|url=http://www-t.saintkentigern.com/about-us/pastoral-care/the-houses/wishart|website=Saint Kentigern|accessdate=7 August 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Wishart Arch (Cowgate, East Port)|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst8838.html|website=Gazetteer for Scotland|accessdate=2 January 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=McCraw|first1=Ian|title=The Kirks of Dundee Presbytery 1558-1999|date=2000|publisher=Friends of Dundee City Archives|location=Dundee|isbn=0-9536553-2-6|pages=76-77}} Further reading
External links
18 : 1510s births|1546 deaths|16th-century Protestant martyrs|16th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers|People from Kincardine and Mearns|Scottish Calvinist and Reformed ministers|Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Alumni of the University of Aberdeen|University of Leuven alumni|Executed Scottish people|Executed British people|People executed for heresy|People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by burning|16th-century executions by Scotland|People from Aberdeenshire|Scottish Reformation|Scottish martyrs|People associated with Dundee |
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