词条 | AGM-88 HARM |
释义 |
| name = AGM-88 HARM[1] | image = AGM-88 HARM on FA-18C.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = An AGM-88 HARM missile loaded aboard an F/A-18C | origin = United States | type = Air-to-surface antiradiation missile | is_ranged = | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = | is_vehicle = | is_missile = yes | is_UK = | service = 1985–present | used_by = U.S. and others | wars = Gulf War, Kosovo War, Iraq War, 2011 military intervention in Libya | designer = Texas Instruments | design_date = 1983 | manufacturer = Texas Instruments, then Raytheon Corporation (AGM-88) Orbital ATK and Northrop Grumman (AGM-88E) | unit_cost = {{US$|link=yes}}284,000 US$870,000 for AGM-88E[2] | production_date = 1983–present | number = | variants = | spec_label = | weight = {{convert|355|kg|lb}} | length = {{convert|4.1|m|ft}} | part_length = | width = | height = | diameter = {{convert|254|mm|in}} | crew = | cartridge = | caliber = | barrels = | action = | rate = | velocity = | range = | max_range = | feed = | sights = | breech = | recoil = | carriage = | elevation = | traverse = | blade_type = | hilt_type = | sheath_type = | head_type = | haft_type = | filling = WDU-21/B blast/fragmentation in a WAU-7/B warhead section, and later WDU-37/B blast-fragmentation warhead. | filling_weight = {{convert|66|kg|lb}} | detonation = FMU-111/B laser proximity fuze | yield = | armour = | primary_armament = | secondary_armament = | engine = Thiokol SR113-TC-1 dual-thrust rocket engine | pw_ratio = | transmission = | payload_capacity = | suspension = | clearance = | wingspan = {{convert|1.1|m|ft}} | propellant = Solid fuel | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = {{convert|80|nmi|km mi|order=flip}}[3] | ceiling = | altitude = | depth = | boost = | speed = {{convert|2280|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} | guidance = Passive radar homing with home-on-jam, GPS/INS and millimeter-wave active radar homing in the E variant.[4] 500-20,000 MHz for AGM-88C | steering = | accuracy = | launch_platform = F-4G, EA-6B, F-15E, F-16, F/A-18, EA-18G, Tornado IDS/ECR, Eurofighter Typhoon, F-35, and others | transport = }} The AGM-88 HARM (High-speed Anti-radiation Missile) is a tactical, air-to-surface anti-radiation missile designed to home in on electronic transmissions coming from surface-to-air radar systems. It was originally developed by Texas Instruments as a replacement for the AGM-45 Shrike and AGM-78 Standard ARM system. Production was later taken over by Raytheon Corporation when it purchased the defense production business of Texas Instruments. DescriptionThe AGM-88 can detect, attack and destroy a radar antenna or transmitter with minimal aircrew input. The proportional guidance system that homes in on enemy radar emissions has a fixed antenna and seeker head in the missile's nose. A smokeless, solid-propellant, booster-sustainer rocket motor propels the missile at speeds over Mach 2.0. The HARM missile was a program led by the U.S. Navy, and it was first carried by the A-6E, A-7, and F/A-18A/B aircraft, and then it equipped the EA-6B aircraft. RDT&E for use on the F-14 aircraft was begun, but not completed. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) put the HARM onto the F-4G Wild Weasel aircraft, and later on specialized F-16s equipped with the HARM Targeting System (HTS). The HTS pod, used by the USAF, only, allows F-16 to detect and automatically target radars with HARMs instead of relying on the missile's sensors alone. History{{expand section|Development history is missing and later history is thin on details|date=September 2012}}DeploymentThe HARM missile was approved for full production in March 1983, obtained initial operating capability (IOC) on the A-7E Corsair II in late 1983 and then deployed in late 1985 with VA-46 aboard the aircraft carrier USS America. In 1986, the first successful firing of the HARM from an EA-6B was performed by VAQ-131. It was soon used in combat—in March 1986 against a Libyan SA-5 site in the Gulf of Sidra, and then during Operation Eldorado Canyon in April. HARM was used extensively by the Navy, Marine Corps, and the Air Force in Operation Desert Storm during the Persian Gulf War of 1991. During the Gulf War, the HARM was involved in a friendly fire incident when the pilot of an F-4G Wild Weasel escorting a B-52 bomber mistook the latter's tail gun radar for an Iraqi AAA site. (This was after the tail gunner of the B-52 had targeted the F-4G, mistaking it for an Iraqi MiG.) The F-4 pilot launched the missile and then saw that the target was the B-52, which was hit. It survived with shrapnel damage to the tail and no casualties. The B-52 was subsequently renamed In HARM's Way.[5] "Magnum" is spoken over the radio to announce the launch of an AGM-88.[6] During the Gulf War, if an aircraft was illuminated by enemy radar a bogus "Magnum" call on the radio was often enough to convince the operators to power down.[7] This technique would also be employed in Serbia during air operations in 1999. In 2013 President Obama offered the AGM-88 to Israel for the first time.[8] AGM-88E AARGMThe newest upgrade, the AGM-88E Advanced Antiradiation Guided Missile (AARGM), features the latest software, enhanced capabilities intended to counter enemy radar shutdown, and passive radar using an additional active millimeter-wave seeker. It was released in November 2010, and it is a joint venture by the US Department of Defense and the Italian Ministry of Defense, produced by Orbital ATK.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} In November 2005, the Italian Ministry of Defense and the U.S. Department of Defense signed a Memorandum of Agreement on the joint development of the AGM-88E AARGM missile. Italy was providing $20 million of developmental funding as well as several million dollars worth of material, equipment, and related services. The Italian Air Force was expected to buy up to 250 missiles for its Tornado ECR aircraft. A flight test program was set to integrate the AARGM onto Tornado ECR's weapon system.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The U.S. Navy demonstrated the AARGM's capability during Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) in spring 2012 with live firing of 12 missiles. Aircrew and maintenance training with live missiles was completed in June.[9] The Navy authorized Full-Rate Production (FRP) of the AARGM in August 2012, with 72 missiles for the Navy and nine for the Italian Air Force to be delivered in 2013. A U.S. Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornet squadron will be the first forward-deployed unit with the AGM-88E.[10] In September 2013, ATK delivered the 100th AARGM to the U.S. Navy. The AGM-88E program is on schedule and on budget, with Full Operational Capability (FOC) planned for September 2014.[11] The AGM-88E was designed to improve the effectiveness of legacy HARM variants against fixed and relocatable radar and communications sites, particularly those that would shut down to throw off anti-radiation missiles, by attaching a new seeker to the existing Mach 2-capable rocket motor and warhead section, adding a passive anti-radiation homing receiver, satellite and inertial navigation system, a millimeter-wave radar for terminal guidance, and the ability to beam up images of the target via a satellite link just seconds before impact.[12] This model of the HARM will be integrated onto the F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F, EA-18G, and Tornado ECR aircraft, and later on the F-35.[13] In September 2015, the AGM-88E successfully hit a mobile ship target in a live-fire test, demonstrating the missile's ability to use antiradiation homing and millimeter-wave radar to detect, identify, locate, and engage moving targets.[14] AARGM-ERThe Navy's FY 2016 budget included funding for an extended range AARGM-ER that utilizes the existing guidance system and warhead of the AGM-88E with a solid integrated rocket-ramjet for double the range. Development funding will last to 2020.[15] In September 2016, Orbital ATK unveiled its extended-range AARGM-ER, which incorporates a redesigned control section and {{convert|11.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}-diameter rocket motor for twice the range and internal carriage on the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.[16] The U.S. Navy awarded Orbital ATK an contract for AARGM-ER development in January 2018.[17] The AARGM-ER would serve as the basis for the land-attack Stand In Attack Weapon (SiAW).[18] AGM-88F HCSMAlthough the U.S. chose the Orbital ATK-produced AGM-88E, Raytheon created its own version of the AARGM called the AGM-88F HARM Control Section Modification (HCSM), one which incorporates similar upgrade features, which could allow the company to offer their missile for export.[19] OperatorsCurrent operators
See also
References
1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-88.htm |title=AGM-88 HARM (high-speed antiradiation missile) - Smart Weapons |publisher=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100210095535/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-88.htm| archivedate= 10 February 2010 | deadurl= no}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Anti-Radiation-Missiles/AGM-88E-AARGM_a001155005.aspx|title=AGM-88E AARGM|website=www.deagel.com}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/mald/|title=Raytheon: Miniature Air Launched Decoy (MALD)|first=Raytheon Corporate|last=Communications|website=www.raytheon.com}} 4. ^AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile | NAVAIR - U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command - Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Eva... {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411025358/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=AF4153AA-5454-44D2-B01A-AA69417C5B49 |date=April 11, 2011 }} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Lake|first=Jon|title=B-52 Stratofortress Units in Operation Desert Storm|year=2004|publisher=Osprey|location=Oxford|isbn=1-84176-751-4|pages=47–48|edition=1}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/usaf/docs/mcm3-1-a1.htm |title=Operational Brevity Words And Terminology |publisher=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-16}} 7. ^{{cite book | last = Lambeth | first = Benjamin | title = The Transformation of American Air Power | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8014-3816-5 |page=112}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/07/01/Israel-seeks-50B-in-US-loans-to-buy-arms/UPI-49641372706630/|title=Israel seeks $5B in U.S. loans to buy arms|publisher=}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Navy approves full rate production for new anti-radiation missile |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.NAVAIRNewsStory&id=5109 |website=Naval Air Systems Command |accessdate=7 July 2018}} 10. ^Navy Approves Full Rate Production for New Anti-Radiation Missile {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430092500/http://www.strategicdefenceintelligence.com/article/0K5agW2Wpdg/2012/08/30/us_navy_authorises_frp_of_aargm_missile/ |date=April 30, 2014 }} - Strategicdefenseintelligence.com, August 30, 2012 11. ^ATK Delivers 100th Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM) to U.S. Navy - PRNewswire.com, 17 September 2013 12. ^[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-extends-orbital-atk-agm-88e-production-423546/ US Navy extends Orbital ATK AGM-88E production] - Flightglobal.com, 25 March 2016 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/21/idUS152956+21-Jan-2009+PRN20090121 |title=ATK Awarded $55 Million Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile Low Rate Initial Production... |publisher=Reuters |date=2009-01-21 |accessdate=2011-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623150446/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/21/idUS152956%2B21-Jan-2009%2BPRN20090121 |archivedate=2013-06-23 |df= }} 14. ^U.S. Navy tests upgraded missile - Upi.com, 23 September 2015 15. ^F-35Cs Cut Back As U.S. Navy Invests In Standoff Weapons - Aviationweek.com, 3 February 2015 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awindefense/orbital-atk-reveals-new-double-range-aargm|title=Orbital ATK Reveals New 'Double-Range' AARGM|website=aviationweek.com}} 17. ^[https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/january-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/5887-video-orbital-atk-gets-u-s-navy-contract-to-develop-aargm-er.html Orbital ATK gets U.S. Navy Contract to Develop AARGM-ER] - Navyrecognition.com, 24 January 2018 18. ^{{cite web |title=Air Force To Turn Navy Air Defense Busting Missile Into High-Speed Critical Strike Weapon |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27022/air-force-to-turn-navy-air-defense-busting-missile-into-high-speed-critical-strike-weapon |website=theDrive |accessdate=30 March 2019}} 19. ^[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/raytheons-hcsm-anti-radiation-missile-upgrade-compl-418218/ Raytheon’s HCSM anti-radiation missile upgrade completes key test] - Flightglobal.com, 26 October 2015 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/italoamerican-agm88e-aargm-missile-no-place-to-hide-down-there-01852 |title=AGM-88E AARGM Missile: No Place To Hide Down There |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |accessdate=2013-11-25}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/05/us-approves-sale-of-anti-radiation-missiles-for-raaf-growler/|title=US approves sale of anti-radiation missiles for RAAF Growler|last=|first=|date=1 May 2017|website=Australian Aviation|access-date=1 May 2017}} 22. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9075687.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165051/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9075687.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Spain buying HARMs for use on EF-18|work=Defense Daily|date=25 May 1990|accessdate=8 August 2015|subscription=yes|via=HighBeam Research}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/96339/morocco-buys-%24155m-arms-package-for-f_16s.html|title=Morocco – Weapons and Related Support for F-16 Aircraft |publisher=Defense Aerospace.com |accessdate=20 February 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/Entry3131.aspx |title=Harpoon Databases: AGM-88 HARM |publisher=Harpoon Da tabases |accessdate=2013-11-25}}
External links{{commons|AGM-88 HARM|AGM-88 HARM}}
8 : Anti-radiation missiles|Air-to-surface missiles of the United States|Alliant Techsystems|Anti-radiation missiles of the Cold War|Anti-radiation missiles of the United States|Raytheon products|Texas Instruments|Weapons of the United States |
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